- Research Article
- Open access
- Published:
Global Attractivity Results for Mixed-Monotone Mappings in Partially Ordered Complete Metric Spaces
Fixed Point Theory and Applications volume 2009, Article number: 762478 (2009)
Abstract
We prove fixed point theorems for mixed-monotone mappings in partially ordered complete metric spaces which satisfy a weaker contraction condition than the classical Banach contraction condition for all points that are related by given ordering. We also give a global attractivity result for all solutions of the difference equation ,
where
satisfies mixed-monotone conditions with respect to the given ordering.
1. Introduction and Preliminaries
The following results were obtained first in [1] and were extended to the case of higher-order difference equations and systems in [2–6]. For the sake of completeness and the readers convenience, we are including short proofs.
Theorem 1.1.
Let be a compact interval of real numbers, and assume that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ1_HTML.gif)
is a continuous function satisfying the following properties:
-
(a)
is nondecreasing in
for each
, and
is nonincreasing in
for each
;
-
(b)
If
is a solution of the system
(1.2)
then .
Then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ3_HTML.gif)
has a unique equilibrium and every solution of (1.3) converges to
.
Proof.
Set
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ4_HTML.gif)
and for set
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ5_HTML.gif)
Now observe that for each ,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ6_HTML.gif)
Set
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ7_HTML.gif)
Then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ8_HTML.gif)
and by the continuity of ,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ9_HTML.gif)
Therefore in view of (b),
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ10_HTML.gif)
from which the result follows.
Theorem 1.2.
Let be an interval of real numbers and assume that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ11_HTML.gif)
is a continuous function satisfying the following properties:
(a) is nonincreasing in
for each
, and
is nondecreasing in
for each
;
(b)the difference equation (1.3) has no solutions of minimal period two in . Then (1.3) has a unique equilibrium
and every solution of (1.3) converges to
.
Proof.
Set
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ12_HTML.gif)
and for set
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ13_HTML.gif)
Now observe that for each ,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ14_HTML.gif)
Set
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ15_HTML.gif)
Then clearly (1.8) holds and by the continuity of ,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ16_HTML.gif)
In view of (b),
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ17_HTML.gif)
from which the result follows.
These results have been very useful in proving attractivity results for equilibrium or periodic solutions of (1.3) as well as for higher-order difference equations and systems of difference equations; see [2, 7–12]. Theorems 1.1 and 1.2 have attracted considerable attention of the leading specialists in difference equations and discrete dynamical systems and have been generalized and extended to the case of maps in , see [3], and maps in Banach space with the cone see [4–6]. In this paper, we will extend Theorems 1.1 and 1.2 to the case of monotone mappings in partially ordered complete metric spaces.
On the other hand, there has been recent interest in establishing fixed point theorems in partially ordered complete metric spaces with a contractivity condition which holds for all points that are related by partial ordering; see [13–20]. These fixed point results have been applied mainly to the existence of solutions of boundary value problems for differential equations and one of them, namely [20], has been applied to the problem of solving matrix equations. See also [21], where the application to the boundary value problems for integro-differential equations is given and [22] for application to some classes of nonexpansive mappings and [23] for the application of the Leray-Schauder theory to the problems of an impulsive boundary value problem under the condition of non-well-ordered upper and lower solutions. None of these results is global result, but they are rather existence results. In this paper, we combine the existence results with the results of the type of Theorems 1.1 and 1.2 to obtain global attractivity results.
2. Main Results: Mixed Monotone Case I
Let be a partially ordered set and let
be a metric on
such that
is a complete metric space. Consider
We will use the following partial ordering.
For , we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ18_HTML.gif)
This partial ordering is well known as "south-east ordering" in competitive systems in the plane; see [5, 6, 12, 24, 25].
Let be a metric on
defined as follows:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ19_HTML.gif)
Clearly
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ20_HTML.gif)
We prove the following theorem.
Theorem 2.1.
Let be a map such that
is nonincreasing in
for all
and nondecreasing in
for all
Suppose that the following conditions hold.
(i)There exists with
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ21_HTML.gif)
-
(ii)
There exists
such that the following condition holds:
(2.5)
-
(iii)
If
is a nondecreasing convergent sequence such that
, then
, for all
and if
is a nonincreasing convergent sequence such that
, then
, for all
; if
for every
, then
Then we have the following.
-
(a)
For every initial point
such that condition (2.5) holds,
, where
satisfy
(2.6)
If in condition (2.5), then
If in addition
, then
converge to the equilibrium of the equation
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ24_HTML.gif)
-
(b)
In particular, every solution
of
(2.8)
such that converges to the equilibrium of (2.8).
-
(c)
The following estimates hold:
(2.9)
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ27_HTML.gif)
Proof.
Let and
Since
and
for
we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ28_HTML.gif)
Now, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ29_HTML.gif)
For we let
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ30_HTML.gif)
By using the monotonicity of , we obtain
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ31_HTML.gif)
that is
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ32_HTML.gif)
We claim that for all the following inequalities hold:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ33_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ34_HTML.gif)
Indeed, for using
,??
, and (2.3), we obtain
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ35_HTML.gif)
Assume that (2.16) holds. Using the inequalities
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ36_HTML.gif)
and the contraction condition (2.4), we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ37_HTML.gif)
Similarly,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ38_HTML.gif)
This implies that and
are Cauchy sequences in
Indeed,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ39_HTML.gif)
Since we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ40_HTML.gif)
Using (2.23), we conclude that is a Cauchy sequence. Similarly, we conclude that
is a Cauchy sequence. Since
is a complete metric space, then there exist
such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ41_HTML.gif)
Using the continuity of which follows from contraction condition (2.4), the equations
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ42_HTML.gif)
imply (2.6).
Assume that Then, in view of the monotonicity of
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ43_HTML.gif)
By using induction, we can show that for all
Assume that
Then, in view of the monotonicity of
, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ44_HTML.gif)
Continuing in a similar way we can prove that for all
By using condition (iii) we conclude that whenever
exists we must have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ45_HTML.gif)
which in the case when implies
By letting in (2.23), we obtain the estimate (2.9).
Remark 2.2.
Property (iii) is usually called closedness of the partial ordering, see [6], and is an important ingredient of the definition of an ordered -space; see [17, 19].
Theorem 2.3.
Assume that along with conditions (i) and (ii) of Theorem 2.1, the following condition is satisfied:
-
(iv)
every pair of elements has either a lower or an upper bound.
Then, the fixed point is unique and
Proof.
First, we prove that the fixed point is unique. Condition (iv) is equivalent to the following. For every
there exists
that is comparable to
See [16].
Let and
be two fixed points of the map
.
We consider two cases.
Case 1.
If is comparable to
then for all
is comparable to
We have to prove that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ46_HTML.gif)
Indeed, using (2.2), we obtain
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ47_HTML.gif)
We estimate , and
First, by using contraction condition (2.4), we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ48_HTML.gif)
Now, by using (2.31) and (2.30), we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ49_HTML.gif)
which implies that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ50_HTML.gif)
Case 2.
If is not comparable to
then there exists an upper bound or a lower bound
of
and
Then,
is comparable to
and
Therefore, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ51_HTML.gif)
Now, we obtain
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ52_HTML.gif)
We now estimate the right-hand side of (2.35).
First, by using
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ53_HTML.gif)
we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ54_HTML.gif)
Similarly,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ55_HTML.gif)
So,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ56_HTML.gif)
Using induction, we obtain
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ57_HTML.gif)
Using (2.40), relation (2.35) becomes
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ58_HTML.gif)
So,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ59_HTML.gif)
Finally, we prove that We will consider two cases.
Case A.
If is comparable to
then
is comparable to
Now, we obtain
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ60_HTML.gif)
since this implies
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ61_HTML.gif)
Case B.
If is not comparable to
then there exists an upper bound or alower bound of
and
, that is, there exists
such that
Then by using monotonicity character of
we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ62_HTML.gif)
Now,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ63_HTML.gif)
that is
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ64_HTML.gif)
Furthermore,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ65_HTML.gif)
that is
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ66_HTML.gif)
Similarly,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ67_HTML.gif)
that is
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ68_HTML.gif)
and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ69_HTML.gif)
By using induction, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ70_HTML.gif)
Since is a fixed point, we obtain
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ71_HTML.gif)
Using the contractivity condition (2.4) on we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ72_HTML.gif)
Now, we estimate the terms on the right-hand side
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ73_HTML.gif)
Now, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ74_HTML.gif)
Continuing this process, we obtain
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ75_HTML.gif)
Using the contractivity of we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ76_HTML.gif)
That is
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ77_HTML.gif)
So,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ78_HTML.gif)
3. Main Results: Mixed Monotone Case II
Let be a partially ordered set and let
be a metric on
such that
is a complete metric space. Consider
We will use the following partial order.
For , we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ79_HTML.gif)
Let be a metric on
defined as follows:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ80_HTML.gif)
The following two theorems have similar proofs to the proofs of Theorems 2.1 and 2.3, respectively, and so their proofs will be skipped. Significant parts of these results have been included in [14] and applied successfully to some boundary value problems in ordinary differential equations.
Theorem 3.1.
Let be a map such that
is nondecreasing in
for all
and nonincreasing in
for all
Suppose that the following conditions hold.
-
(i)
There exists
with
(3.3)
-
(ii)
There exists
such that the following condition holds:
(3.4)
-
(iii)
If
is a nondecreasing convergent sequence such that
, then
, for all
and if
is a nonincreasing convergent sequence such that
, then
, for all
; if
for every
, then
Then we have the following.
-
(a)
For every initial point
such that the condition (3.2) holds,
, where
satisfy
(3.5)
If in condition (3.4), then
If in addition
, then
converge to the equilibrium of the equation
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F762478/MediaObjects/13663_2008_Article_1175_Equ84_HTML.gif)
-
(b)
In particular, every solution
of
(3.7)
such that converges to the equilibrium of (3.7).
-
(c)
The following estimates hold:
(3.8)
Theorem 3.2.
Assume that along with conditions (i) and (ii) of Theorem 3.1, the following condition is satisfied:
-
(iv)
every pair of elements has either a lower or an upper bound.
Then, the fixed point is unique and
Remark 3.3.
Theorems 3.1 and 3.2 generalize and extend the results in [14]. The new feature of our results is global attractivity part that extends Theorems 1.1 and 1.2. Most of presented ideas were presented for the first time in [14].
References
Kulenović MRS, Ladas G, Sizer WS: On the recursive sequence .
Mathematical Sciences Research Hot-Line 1998,2(5):1–16.
Kulenović MRS, Ladas G: Dynamics of Second Order Rational Difference Equations: With Open Problems and Conjecture. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, Fla, USA; 2002:xii+218.
Kulenović MRS, Merino O: A global attractivity result for maps with invariant boxes. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series B 2006,6(1):97–110.
Nussbaum RD: Global stability, two conjectures and Maple. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 2007,66(5):1064–1090. 10.1016/j.na.2006.01.005
Smith HL: The discrete dynamics of monotonically decomposable maps. Journal of Mathematical Biology 2006,53(4):747–758. 10.1007/s00285-006-0004-3
Smith HL: Global stability for mixed monotone systems. Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 2008,14(10–11):1159–1164. 10.1080/10236190802332126
Camouzis E, Ladas G: Dynamics of Third-Order Rational Difference Equations with Open Problems and Conjectures, Advances in Discrete Mathematics and Applications. Volume 5. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, Fla, USA; 2008:xxii+554.
Gibbons CH, Kulenović MRS, Ladas G: On the recursive sequence .
Mathematical Sciences Research Hot-Line 2000,4(2):1–11.
Gibbons CH, Kulenović MRS, Ladas G, Voulov HD: On the trichotomy character of .
Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 2002,8(1):75–92. 10.1080/10236190211940
Grove EA, Ladas G: Periodicities in Nonlinear Difference Equations, Advances in Discrete Mathematics and Applications. Volume 4. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, Fla, USA; 2005:xiv+379.
Kulenović MRS, Merino O: Discrete Dynamical Systems and Difference Equations with Mathematica. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, Fla, USA; 2002:xvi+344.
Kulenović MRS, Nurkanovic M: Asymptotic behavior of a system of linear fractional difference equations. Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2005,2005(2):127–143. 10.1155/JIA.2005.127
Agarwal RP, El-Gebeily MA, O'Regan D: Generalized contractions in partially ordered metric spaces. Applicable Analysis 2008,87(1):109–116. 10.1080/00036810701556151
Gnana Bhaskar T, Lakshmikantham V: Fixed point theorems in partially ordered metric spaces and applications. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 2006,65(7):1379–1393. 10.1016/j.na.2005.10.017
Nieto JJ, Rodríguez-López R: Existence and uniqueness of fixed point in partially ordered sets and applications to ordinary differential equations. Acta Mathematica Sinica 2007,23(12):2205–2212. 10.1007/s10114-005-0769-0
Nieto JJ, Rodríguez-López R: Contractive mapping theorems in partially ordered sets and applications to ordinary differential equations. Order 2005,22(3):223–239. 10.1007/s11083-005-9018-5
Nieto JJ, Pouso RL, Rodríguez-López R: Fixed point theorems in ordered abstract spaces. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 2007,135(8):2505–2517. 10.1090/S0002-9939-07-08729-1
O'Regan D, Petruşel A: Fixed point theorems for generalized contractions in ordered metric spaces. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2008,341(2):1241–1252. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2007.11.026
Petruşel A, Rus IA: Fixed point theorems in ordered -spaces. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 2006,134(2):411–418.
Ran ACM, Reurings MCB: A fixed point theorem in partially ordered sets and some applications to matrix equations. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 2004,132(5):1435–1443. 10.1090/S0002-9939-03-07220-4
Ahmad B, Nieto JJ: The monotone iterative technique for three-point second-order integrodifferential boundary value problems with -Laplacian. Boundary Value Problems 2007, 2007:-9.
Su Y, Wang D, Shang M: Strong convergence of monotone hybrid algorithm for hemi-relatively nonexpansive mappings. Fixed Point Theory and Applications 2008, 2008:-8.
Xian X, O'Regan D, Agarwal RP: Multiplicity results via topological degree for impulsive boundary value problems under non-well-ordered upper and lower solution conditions. Boundary Value Problems 2008, 2008:-21.
Kulenović MRS, Merino O: Competitive-exclusion versus competitive-coexistence for systems in the plane. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series B 2006,6(5):1141–1156.
Smith HL: Planar competitive and cooperative difference equations. Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 1998,3(5–6):335–357. 10.1080/10236199708808108
Acknowledgment
The authors are grateful to the referees for pointing out few fine details that improved the presented results.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Burgić, D., Kalabušić, S. & Kulenović, M.R.S. Global Attractivity Results for Mixed-Monotone Mappings in Partially Ordered Complete Metric Spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2009, 762478 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/762478
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/762478