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An approximation of a common fixed point of nonexpansive mappings on convex metric spaces
Fixed Point Theory and Applications volume 2012, Article number: 112 (2012)
Abstract
Sokhuma and Kaewkhao (2011) introduced an iteration scheme to compute a common fixed point of a single-valued nonexpansive mapping and a multivalued nonexpansive mapping on a uniformly convex Banach space. In this paper, we extend the above result of Sokhuma and Kaewkhao from a single-valued mapping to a countable number of mappings and, at the same time, we extend the underlying spaces to strictly convex Banach spaces. The corresponding results are also obtained for the space setting.
MSC:47H09, 47H10.
1 Introduction
Let X be a complete metric space, and E a nonempty subset of X. We will denote by the family of nonempty subsets of E and by the family of nonempty bounded closed subsets of E. Let be theHausdorff distance on , that is,
where is the distance from the point a to the subset B.
A mapping and a multivalued mapping are said to be nonexpansive if for each ,
respectively. If , we call x a fixed point of a single-valued mapping t. Moreover, if , we call x a fixed point of a multivalued mapping T. We use the notation to stand for the set of fixed points of a mapping S. Thus is the set of common fixed points of t and T, i.e., if and only if .
Following [8], a bounded closed and convex subset E of a Banach space X has the fixed point property for nonexpansive mappings (FPP) (respectively, for multivalued nonexpansive mappings (MFPP)) if every nonexpansive mapping of E into E has a fixed point (respectively, every nonexpansive mapping of E into with compact convex values has a fixed point). For a bounded closed and convex subset E of a Banach space X, a mapping is said to satisfy the conditional fixed point property (CFP) if either t has no fixed points, or t has a fixed point in each nonempty bounded closed convex set that leaves t invariant. A set E is said to have the conditional fixed point property for nonexpansive mappings (CFPP) if every nonexpansive satisfies (CFP). For commuting family of nonexpansive mappings, the following is a remarkable common fixed point property due to Bruck [6].
Theorem 1.1 ([6])
Let X be a Banach space and E a nonempty closed convex subset of X. If E has both the (FPP) and the (CFPP) for nonexpansive mappings, then for any commuting familyof nonexpansive mappings of E into E, there is a common fixed point for.
Theorem 1.1 was proved by Belluce and Kirk [1] when is finite and E is weakly compact and has a normal structure; by Belluce and Kirk [2] when E is weakly compact and has a complete normal structure; by Browder [4] when X is uniformly convex and E is bounded; by Lau and Holmes [11] when is left reversible and E is compact; and finally, by Lim [14] when is left reversible and E is weakly compact and has a normal structure.
Open Problem (Bruck [6]). Can commutativity of be replaced by left reversibility?
The answer to this Problem is not known even when the semigroup is left amenable (see [13] for more details).
In 2011, Sokhuma and Kaewkhao [17] introduced a new iteration method for approximating a common fixed point of a pair of a single-valued and a multivalued nonexpansive mappings and proved the following strong convergence theorem:
Theorem 1.2 ([17], Theorem 3.5])
Let E be a nonempty compact convex subset of a uniformly convex Banach space X, and letandbe a single-valued and a multivalued nonexpansive mappings respectively, andsatisfyingfor all. Letbe the sequence of the modified Ishikawa iteration defined by
where, and, . Thenconverges strongly to a common fixed point of t and T.
For a single-valued nonexpansive mapping with , where E is a convex nonexpansive retract of a real uniformly smooth Banach space, Reich and Shemen [15], Theorem 3.4] obtained a strong convergence to a fixed point of t of a sequence of the form
where is a retraction on the subset E and the sequences satisfy conditions: (i) , (ii) and . Clearly, conditions (i) and (ii) on the sequences are different from the ones in Theorem 1.2.
In 2003, Suzuki [18] proved the following result.
Theorem 1.3 ([18], Theorem 2])
Let E be a compact convex subset of a strictly convex Banach space X. Letbe a sequence of nonexpansive mappings on E with. Letbe a sequence of positive numbers such that, and letbe a sequence of subsets ofsatisfyingforand. Define a sequencein E byand
for. Thenconverges strongly to a common fixed point of.
The purpose of this paper is to extend Theorem 1.2 to countably many numbers of single-valued nonexpansive mappings on strictly convex Banach spaces, thereby the result in Theorem 1.3 is covered. The results for spaces are also derived. Our main discoveries are Theorem 3.2 and Theorem 3.6.
2 Preliminaries
We recall that the graph of a multivalued mapping is . The following theorem is essentially proved by Dozo [10].
Theorem 2.1 ([10], Theorem 3.1])
Let X be a Banach space which satisfies Opial’s condition, E be a weakly compact convex subset of X. Let, whereis a family of nonempty compact subsets of X. Then the graph ofis closed in, where I denotes the identity on X, the weak topology andthe norm (or strong) topology.
We will use the theorem in the following form: If is a sequence in E such that converges weakly to some and converges to 0, then .
Let be a family of nonexpansive mappings from E to E. The following lemma proved by Bruck [5] plays a very important role to our proof of the main result.
Lemma 2.2 ([5], Lemma 3])
Let E be a nonempty closed convex subset of a strictly convex Banach space X, letbe a family of single-valued nonexpansive mappings on E. Supposeis nonempty. Givena sequence of positive numbers with. Then a mapping t on E defined by
for allis well defined, nonexpansive and.
The following results show examples when the required condition on the nonemptiness of the common fixed point set always satisfies:
Theorem 2.3 ([8], Theorem 3.1])
Let E be a weakly compact convex subset of a Banach space X. Suppose E has (MFPP) and (CFPP). Letbe any commuting family of nonexpansive self-mappings of E. Ifis a multivalued nonexpansive mapping which commutes with every member of, whereis the family of nonempty compact convex subsets of E. Thenwhere.
Theorem 2.4 ([8], Theorem 3.2])
Let X be a Banach space satisfying the Kirk-Massa condition, i.e., the asymptotic center of each bounded sequence of X in each bounded closed and convex subset is nonempty and compact. Let E be a weakly compact convex subset of X and letbe any commuting family of nonexpansive self-mappings of E. Supposeis a multivalued mapping satisfying conditionfor somewhich commutes with every member of. If T is upper semi-continuous, then.
Note that strictly convex Banach spaces satisfy the condition in the above theorems.
Remark 2.5 In our main theorems (Theorem 3.2 and Theorem 3.6), we assume the following conditions:
It is an open problem to find a sufficient condition to assure that the condition (2.1) is satisfied.
Let be a metric space. A geodesic joining to is a mapping c from a closed interval to X such that and for all . Thus c is an isometry and . The image of c is called a geodesic (or metric) segment joining x and y. We denote for this geodesic if it is unique. Write for . The space X is said to be a geodesic space if every two points of X are joined by a geodesic. It is said to be of hyperbolic type [12] if it satisfies:
for all . Let and with . It had been defined, by induction, in [7] that
The definition of ⊕ in (2.3) is an ordered one in the sense that it depends on the order of points . Under (2.2) we can see that
for each .
Following [3], a metric space X is said to be a space if it is geodesically connected and if every geodesic triangle in X is at least as thin as its comparison triangle in the Euclidean plane . In fact (cf. [3] p.163), the following are equivalent for a geodesic space X:
-
(i)
X is a space.
-
(ii)
X satisfies the (CN) inequality: If and is the midpoint of and , then
Lemma 2.6 ([3], Proposition 2.2]) Let X be aspace. Then for eachand
In particular, (2.2) holds inspaces.
In [9] the element has been defined. Let be a given sequence in such that , let be a bounded sequence in X, and let be an arbitrary point in X. Let and assume that as . Set
Thus, by (2.3),
where and for each
We know that is a Cauchy sequence (see [9]). Thus as for some . Write
By (2.6), , it is seen that . Thus the limit x is independent of the choice of .
Lemma 2.7 ([9], Lemma 3.8])
Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a completespace X, letbe a family of single-valued nonexpansive mappings on C. Supposeis nonempty. Definebyfor allwherewithandas . Then t is nonexpansive and.
3 Main results
3.1 Strictly convex Banach spaces
The following result is a generalization of the result of [16], Lemma 1.3].
Lemma 3.1 Let E be a compact subset of a strictly convex Banach space X, letbe a sequence of real numbers such thatfor all, and let, be sequences of E satisfying, for some,
-
(i)
,
-
(ii)
and
-
(iii)
.
Then, .
Proof We suppose on the contrary that . Since E and are compact, there exist subsequences of , of and of such that , , for some with and for some . From (i) and (ii) we have and . Using the strict convexity of X and (iii), we have , a contradiction. Hence . □
Now we introduce a new iteration method for a family of single-valued nonexpansive mappings and a multivalued nonexpansive mapping. Let E be a nonempty bounded closed convex subset of a Banach space X, let be a family of single-valued nonexpansive mappings on E, and let be a multivalued nonexpansive mapping. Given a sequence of positive numbers with . The sequence of the modified Ishikawa iteration is defined by , and
where , and . Put .
Theorem 3.2 Let E be a nonempty compact convex subset of a strictly convex Banach space X, letbe a family of single-valued nonexpansive mappings on E, and letbe a multivalued nonexpansive mapping. Supposeandfor all. Given a sequence of positive numberswithandwith. Then the sequencedefined by (3.1) converges strongly to some.
Proof We follow the proof of [17], Theorem 3.6] and split the proof into five steps.
Step 1. exists for all :
We first note that, since ,
Consider the following estimates:
Therefore, is a bounded decreasing sequence in , and hence exists.
Step 2. :
From Step 1, suppose . We have
Thus
We also have
By Lemma 3.1, since , .
Step 3. :
From (3.1), we can see that
and hence . Therefore, and by (3.2) we obtain
Thus . By Lemma 3.1, since , .
Step 4. :
We note from Step 3 that
and
for all . Therefore,
From Step 2 and (3.3), we obtain .
Step 5. :
Define a mapping by
for any . By Lemma 2.2, t is well defined, nonexpansive and . Since E is compact, there exists a subsequence of which converges to v for some . Using Step 3 and Step 4, we have
and
It follows that . Since exists by Step 1, . □
The following example shows that the condition ‘ for all ’ in Theorem 3.2 is necessary.
Example 3.3 We consider the space X of Example 3.9 in [8]. Let X be the Hilbert space with the usual norm, and let be a continuous strictly concave function such that and for all . Let be defined by and be defined by
It is straightforward showing that T and each are nonexpansive. Set and for a subsequence in with . Let be a sequence in defined as
where
We will show that does not converge to a common fixed point of T and .
Proof Clearly, is a divergent sequence. We note that and for each with , we have for all i. If we put , then for all n. Since , we must have as . Suppose converges to z for some . Thus also converges to z, a contradiction. □
It is noticed that F is not convex. Thus it is not a nonexpansive retract of any convex set. It can be also observed that if we redefine the mapping T as we can easily verify that T is nonexpansive and the condition (2.1) is satisfied.
Remark 3.4 With the same proof, Theorem 3.2 is valid when is of the following form: For a permutation π on , define in E by and
, and .
Note also that the above result is equivalent to:
Let be a sequence of subsets of satisfying for and . Define in E by and
, and . Then the sequence converges strongly to some .
Thus Theorem 3.2 contains Theorem 1.3.
With the application of the demiclosedness principle (Theorem 2.1), a weak convergence version of Theorem 3.2 also holds:
Theorem 3.5 Let X be a strictly convex Banach space satisfying the Opial’s condition, E be a weakly compact convex subset of X, letbe a family of single-valued nonexpansive mappings on E, and letbe a multivalued nonexpansive mapping. Supposeandfor all. Given a sequence of positive numberswithandwith. Then the sequencedefined by (3.1) converges weakly to some.
Proof In the proof of Theorem 3.2, by applying the Opial’s condition, it follows from a standard argument that converges weakly to some . Then Theorem 2.1 implies that v is a point in F. □
3.2 spaces
Let E be a nonempty bounded closed convex subset of a complete space X, let be a family of single-valued nonexpansive mappings on E, and be a multivalued nonexpansive mapping. Given a sequence of positive numbers with and as where . The sequence of the modified Ishikawa iteration is defined by
where , , and . Put .
Theorem 3.6 Let E be a compact convex subset of a completespace X. Letbe a family of single-valued nonexpansive mappings on E, and letbe a multivalued nonexpansive mapping. Supposeandfor all. Givena sequence of positive numbers withandaswhere. If, then the sequencedefined by (3.5) converges strongly to some.
Proof The proof follows along the lines with the proof of Theorem 3.2. Recall that and for all . Thus, by (3.5),
As before, we consider the proof in 5 steps. Because of the same details in some cases, we only present proofs for Step 2 to Step 4.
Step 2. :
Let , we have for all n. Using the nonexpansiveness of , we see that
By (3.6) and using (CN) inequality,
Let . Since ,
This implies that
and hence .
Step 3. :
Using (3.6) and (CN) inequality, we have
and thus
As before,
This also implies that .
Step 4. , where :
Since E is compact, there exists a subsequence of such that as for some . Using the nonexpansiveness of and t, we have
Therefore, . From Step 2 and Step 3 we have
□
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the referees for their valuable comments and suggestions. They also would like to thank the Junior Science Talent Project (JSTP) under Thailand’s National Science and Technology Development Agency for financial support.
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Anakkamatee, W., Dhompongsa, S. An approximation of a common fixed point of nonexpansive mappings on convex metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2012, 112 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-112
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-112