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Effective metastability for modified Halpern iterations in CAT(0) spaces
Fixed Point Theory and Applications volume 2012, Article number: 191 (2012)
Abstract
We examine convergence results for modified Halpern iterations due to Cuntavepanit and Panyanak (Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2011:869458, 2011). Following Kohlenbach and Leuştean (Adv. Math. 231:2525-2556, 2012), we extract uniform rates of metastability. This includes extracting rates of asymptotic regularity and replacing an ineffective argument that uses Banach limits.
1 Introduction
Recently, Kohlenbach and Leuştean developed a method for analyzing convergence proofs that make use of Banach limits (and hence - for what is known - the axiom of choice) and applied this method to obtain quantitative versions of convergence results for Halpern iterations in CAT(0) and uniformly smooth spaces (see [1, 2]). In this paper we apply this method to a recent convergence proof (again in the CAT(0)-setting) due to Cuntavepanit and Panyanak [3] for a modified scheme of Halpern iterations due to Kim and Xu [4].
Given a nonempty convex subset C in a CAT(0) space, we consider , a sequence and a nonexpansive mapping with a nonempty fixed point set. Then the Halpern iterations with an initial point x and a reference point u are given by
Here, for and , denotes the unique point with and .
A particularly important choice for is . Then if T is linear and u is chosen equal to x, one obtains the Cesàro averages of
The conditions used in this paper always allow for this choice of .
In [1], Kohlenbach and Leuştean extracted both effective rates of convergence for the asymptotic regularity property
and effective so-called rates of metastability (in the sense of Tao [5]) for the convergence of the sequence of Halpern iterations applying techniques of the proof mining program (see [6] for general information) to a convergence proof due to Saejung [7]. Here, by a rate of metastability, we mean a function such that
where .
In general, there is no computable rate of convergence for Halpern iterations (already for and linear T) as follows from [[8], Theorem 5.1]. Note, however, that the metastability property
(for which [1] does extract effective rates) ineffectively is equivalent to the usual Cauchy property.
Saejung’s original proof makes substantial reference to the axiom of choice by using the existence of Banach limits. Kohlenbach and Leuştean eliminated this reference in favor of the use of a finitary functional which renders Saejung’s proof admissible for the proof mining program. In this paper we apply this method to a variation of Halpern iterations, the aforementioned modified Halpern iterations due to [4].
In the same setting as above, we consider two sequences . Then the modified Halpern iterations with an initial point x and a reference point u are given by
So, instead of using as in the usual Halpern iteration, one takes here the so-called Krasnoselski-Mann iteration
Modified Halpern iterations can be seen as generalizations of Halpern iterations by putting , and so our results (which allow this choice) extend the quantitative metastability and asymptotic regularity results of [1]. The main convergence result that we treat is due to Cuntavepanit and Panyanak [3]. Even for ordinary Halpern iterations, the inclusion of the case of unbounded C in our bounds is new compared to [1]. Our paper further strengthens the claim made in [1] to have developed a general method for analyzing quantitatively strong convergence proofs that use Banach limits.
2 Preliminaries
CAT(0) spaces are instances of geodesic spaces which are special metric spaces. Roughly speaking, in a geodesic space the associated metric behaves in an orderly manner, i.e., making sure there is at least one shortest path between two points. A CAT(0) space enforces further regularity in the sense that every triangle in the space is as ‘thin’ as in the Euclidean space.
The terminology of CAT(κ) spaces is due to Gromov [9]. CAT(0) spaces are uniquely geodesic [[10], Proposition II.1.4(1)].
By we denote the unique point z on the unique geodesic segment joining x and y so that
holds.
The following properties of CAT(0) spaces are of interest to us.
Proposition 2.1 ([[11], Lemma 2.5])
Let X be a CAT(0) space. Then the following inequality holds for all and for all :
For a uniquely geodesic space X, this property is equivalent to X being a CAT(0) space.
Proposition 2.2 ([[11], Lemma 2.4])
Let X be a CAT(0) space. If x, y, z are points in X and , then
i.e., CAT(0) spaces are, in particular, convex metric spaces in the sense of Takahashi [12]by taking .
Every pre-Hilbert space is a CAT(0)-space. Another example is the open unit ball B in ℂ with the Poincaré metric,
This example is interesting for fixed point theory since holomorphic mappings are nonexpansive with respect to ρ (Schwarz-Pick lemma, see [13]). ℝ-trees in the sense of Tits are further examples of CAT(0) spaces.
W-hyperbolic spaces are in turn generalizations of CAT(0) spaces. The following definition of W-hyperbolic spaces is due to Kohlenbach [[14], Definition 2.11].
Definition 2.3 A triple is called a W-hyperbolic space if is a metric space and is a mapping satisfying
(W1) ,
(W2) ,
(W3) ,
(W4) .
Lemma 2.4 ([[6], p.386])
Let be a CAT(0) space. If it is equipped with the mapping ,
W satisfies (W1)-(W4), i.e., is W-hyperbolic.
We will use the following notions (here and in the following, ℕ is the set of natural numbers including 0, while denotes the set of natural numbers ):
-
(1)
A mapping is called a Cauchy modulus of a Cauchy sequence in a metric space if
-
(2)
For as above, a mapping is a rate of metastability if
-
(3)
Let be a sequence in ℝ. If , then a mapping is called an effective rate for if
-
(4)
Let be a sequence of nonnegative reals such that . Then a function with
is called a rate of divergence of .
The term metastability is due to Tao [5, 15]. It is an instance of the no-counterexample interpretation by Kreisel [16, 17].
3 Halpern iterations
Definition 3.1 Let C be a nonempty convex subset of a CAT(0) space X. Let , and be nonexpansive. The modified Halpern iterations with an initial point x and a reference point u are
Combinations of the following conditions were considered for the sequences and .
We will be concerned with (D1) to (D4).
Modified Halpern iterations are a generalization of Halpern iterations if one is permitted to set for all . This excludes (D2.b) which, however, we will never need.
Halpern iterations were named after a paper by Halpern [18] in 1967. This is somewhat misleading since Halpern considered only an instance of Halpern iterations in which the reference point was set to 0 and hence required a closed ball around 0 to be contained in the domain C of the self-mapping T. In the paper, Halpern examined these iterations in the setting of Hilbert spaces. For the convergence of to a fixed point of T with the smallest norm (hence closest to ), he showed that the conditions (D1.a) and (D2.a) were necessary. He also gave a set of sufficient conditions.
In 1977, Lions [19] improved Halpern’s original result. He considered real Hilbert spaces and Halpern iterations in full generality in the article and showed the convergence of the iteration to the fixed point of T nearest to u under the following conditions: , (D1.a), (D2.a) and . Furthermore, he generalized his result to a variation of Halpern iterations which dealt with finite families of nonexpansive operators , , with instead of one nonexpansive T. Halpern and Lion’s results did not cover the choice of .
In 1983, Reich [20] posed the following problem, which was referred to as Problem 6.
Let X be a Banach space. Is there a sequence such that whenever a weakly compact convex subset C of X possesses the fixed point property for nonexpansive mappings, then converges to a fixed point of T for all and all nonexpansive mappings ?
Many partial answers have been given to this problem, we will only give a brief overview. The problem in its full generality is still open.
Wittmann [21] proved a result in 1992 which finally allowed for in Hilbert spaces. While Halpern’s proof relied on a limit theorem for a resolvent, Wittmann carried out a direct proof.
Theorem 3.2 (Wittmann [[21], Theorem 2])
Let C be a closed convex subset of a Hilbert space X and be a nonexpansive mapping with a fixed point. Assume satisfies (D1.a), (D2.a) and (D3.a). Then for any , the Halpern iteration with converges to the projection Px of x on .
The limit theorem on which Halpern’s proof relied was generalized to uniformly smooth Banach spaces by Reich in [22]. In [23], Reich proved the strong convergence of in the setting of uniformly smooth Banach spaces that have a weakly sequentially continuous duality map for decreasing sequences of satisfying (D1.a) and (D2.a).
In 1997, Shioji and Takahashi [24] considered Banach spaces with uniformly Gâteaux-differentiable norm with a closed and convex subset C. They treated also the case for for nonexpansive mappings with a nonempty fixed point set and showed the convergence of to a fixed point if the conditions (D1.a), (D2.a) and (D3.a) held for and for , the sequence satisfying
converges strongly to as . The existence of this sequence follows from Banach’s fixed point theorem.
In 2010, Saejung [7] considered the case of complete CAT(0) spaces, which are a generalization of Hilbert spaces as already mentioned above and showed that for closed and convex subsets C, nonexpansive with a nonempty fixed point set, and satisfying the conditions (D1.a), (D2.a) to (D3.a) or, alternatively, (D1.a), (D2.a) and , Halpern iterations converge strongly to the fixed point of T nearest to u (for the case of the Hilbert ball, which is a CAT(0) space, see already [13] and - with further generalizations - [25]). Recently, Pia̧tek [26] has generalized - independently of Saejung’s work - Saejung’s result even to CAT(κ)-spaces with an argument which is new also for CAT(0) spaces and is more elementary than Saejung’s approach based on Banach limits (it would be of interest to carry out a quantitative analysis of this proof due to Pia̧tek). Saejung also studied Halpern iterations with finitely and countably many different nonexpansive mappings sharing a fixed point.
In 2011, Kohlenbach [27] considered Wittmann’s proof and the case of for all for Halpern iterations in Hilbert spaces. He extracted a rate of metastability in both bounded and unbounded domains C. Subsequently, Kohlenbach and Leuştean [1] gave an effective uniform rate of metastability for Halpern iterations in CAT(0) spaces by analyzing Saejung’s proof. They then treated arbitrary satisfying (D1.a), either (D2.a) or (D4.a) and (D3.a) and the case of bounded C. As an intermediate step, they used (improved versions of) uniform effective rates of asymptotic regularity which were due to Leuştean [28] in 2007. In [2], Kohlenbach and Leuştean also develop a new metatheorem for real Banach spaces with a norm-to-norm uniformly continuous duality selection map. This metatheorem was then applied to the convergence proof of Halpern iterations by Shioji and Takahashi [24] for the extraction of rates of metastability in the setting of the metatheorem (though only relative to a given rate of metastability for the resolvent whose computation in this setting is still subject of ongoing research).
Kim and Xu [4] showed in 2005 the following result for their modified Halpern iteration from Definition 3.1:
Let C be a closed convex subset of a uniformly smooth Banach space X, and let be a nonexpansive mapping with nonempty fixed point set. Under the conditions (D1)-(D3) (a) + (b), converges strongly to a fixed point of T.
Independent of each other, Suzuki [29] in 2006 and Chidume and Chidume [30] in 2007 considered the following different iteration scheme:
for . By ruling out , they excluded original Halpern iterations in their scheme.
Let X be a Banach space with uniformly Gâteaux-differentiable norm, be a closed convex subset, be nonexpansive with a nonempty fixed point set, . They showed convergence of this scheme to a fixed point of T if satisfies (D1.a) and (D2.a) and if converges strongly to some point as , where is the unique element of C with for every .
Note that Kim and Xu’s result does not permit this iteration scheme since a constant does not satisfy (D1.b).
In 2011, Cuntavepanit and Panyanak [3] generalized Kim and Xu’s result to CAT(0) spaces and eliminated the use of condition (D2.b). They considered C to be a nonempty closed convex subset of a complete CAT(0) space X, and to be a nonexpansive mapping with a nonempty fixed point set and showed strong convergence to the fixed point of T nearest to u of the modified Halpern iterations defined here under the conditions (D1.a), (D1.b), (D2.a), (D3.a) and (D3.b).
This scheme does not cover the schemes due to Suzuki and Chidume and Chidume, since the choice of as is not permitted because of (D1.a). Since in [3] (D2.b) is no longer used, modified Halpern iterations can be viewed as generalizations of Halpern iterations.
Cuntavepanit and Panyanak also considered a different iteration scheme: For , let
and showed that the conditions (D1.b), (D2.b) and (D5) suffice for strong convergence in the above setting. We will call these iterations secondary modified Halpern iterations.
This scheme excludes original Halpern iterations. Setting for all ,
this scheme includes Chidume and Chidume’s and Suzuki’s iteration scheme, though. The quantitative analysis of the convergence proof for (5) has to be left for future research.
4 Main results
Theorem 4.1 Let X be a complete CAT(0) space, be a closed convex subset, and be nonexpansive with a nonempty fixed point set. Let satisfy (D1.a) and (D1.b), (D2.a), (D3.a) and (D3.b). Then the modified Halpern iteration is Cauchy. Furthermore, let
Then for all and ,
where
with for some ,
The other constants are
We now come to the metastability rates for the other set of conditions we consider for modified Halpern iterations.
Theorem 4.2 In the setting of Theorem 4.1, let and satisfy (D1.a) and (D1.b), (D3.a) and (D3.b), (D4.a). Then the modified Halpern iteration is Cauchy. Furthermore, let
Then for all and ,
where
with for
The other functionals and constants are defined as in Theorem 4.1.
Remark 4.3
-
1
The bounds in Theorems 4.1 and 4.2 only differ from the ones obtained in [1] for the usual Halpern iteration and the case of bounded C by the new functionals Φ, which reflect the modification in the iteration scheme and by the fact that instead of we only need . Making only the latter change in the bounds in [1] yields rates of metastability for the usual Halpern iterations in the unbounded case.
-
2
The extractability of bounds on metastability depending only on the arguments shown can be explained in terms of general logical metatheorems from [14, 31]. In particular, the fact that u, x, p and C, X, T only enter these bounds via M follows this way (note that we do not need any extra bound on since ). See [32] for details.
-
3
Again general logical metatheorems from [14, 31] guarantee that the existence of a fixed point of T can be relaxed to the existence of arbitrarily good approximate fixed points in some fixed b-bounded neighborhood around x, where then M is taken to satisfy (note that and that - reasoning as in the previous point - where, in fact, ‘+1’ can be replaced by an arbitrarily small positive number). See [32] for details.
-
4
The assumption of the CAT(0)-space X to be complete and C to be closed is actually not necessary as can be seen by going to the metric completion of X and the closure of C in , since T extends to a nonexpansive operator on [[1], Remark 4.5.(ii)].
5 Estimates for modified Halpern iterations
We need bounds for modified Halpern iterations. Part of the following result can be deduced from the proof of [[3], Theorem 3.1].
Lemma 5.1 For modified Halpern iterations as in Definition 3.1, set for all . Then the following holds for in (1)-(3) and in (4)-(6):
-
(1)
.
-
(2)
.
-
(3)
.
-
(4)
.
-
(5)
.
-
(6)
.
Proof (1) Let .
-
(2)
Let .
-
(3)
Let .
-
(4)
Let . By Corollary 2.2,
-
(5)
Let . Again, by Corollary 2.2,
-
(6)
Let . By the triangle inequality,
□
For the general case of unbounded C, we also need some bound considerations, setting
for a fixed point p of T. Some parts of the next lemma are already implicit in the proof of [[4], Theorem 1].
Lemma 5.2 Consider the modified Halpern iterations . We define for all . Take . Then the following hold for :
-
(1)
.
-
(2)
.
-
(3)
. Hence and are bounded.
-
(4)
.
-
(5)
.
-
(6)
.
-
(7)
.
-
(8)
.
-
(9)
.
Proof (1) Let .
-
(2)
Let .
-
(3)
The induction start is trivial. For the following holds:
-
(4)
This follows since T is nonexpansive using (3).
-
(5)
For , using (3), (4).
-
(6)
For , using (3).
-
(7)
.
-
(8)
Let .
-
(9)
For , . □
6 Effective rates of asymptotic regularity
In this section we give the actual quantitative convergence results. In the following let be a CAT(0) space. The results hold also true if we consider a W-hyperbolic space . Let C be a convex subset of X. Let be nonexpansive.
The following proposition is the quantitative version of [[3], Theorem 3.1].
Proposition 6.1 In the setting of Theorem 4.1, is an approximate fixed point sequence and . More precisely, for all ,
where
where for a .
Proof We want to apply [[1], Lemma 5.5]. For all , we know
By Lemma 5.1(3), we have for all
We set for all
Then for all
The sequence is a priori bounded by by Lemma 5.2(9). But we know also by assumption that
We have fulfilled the requirements of [[1], Lemma 5.5(i)]. Thus,
where
It remains to determine Φ. By Lemma 5.1(6), (9) and (10), we have
We can define a rate of convergence
such that the second term on the right becomes less than ε. For our bound, we then need to consider so that the term on the right side becomes less than . In total, we get for all and for all , we have , where
□
We can also consider the case in which (D2.a) is replaced by (D4.a). This case was not considered by Cuntavepanit and Panyanak [3].
Proposition 6.2 In the setting of Theorem 4.2, is an approximate fixed point sequence and . More precisely, for all ,
where
where for p a fixed point of T and
Proof We want to use [[1], Lemma 5.5(ii)]. We set again for ,
Then the main condition of [[1], Lemma 5.5] is fulfilled by (12), since the sequences , and were chosen the same.
The sequence is a priori bounded by by Lemma 5.2(9). But also,
defined as ,
Then the conditions for Lemma [[1], Lemma 5.5(ii)] are fulfilled, and we obtain the desired rate . The rate Φ is obtained as in Proposition 6.1. □
7 Quantitative properties of an approximate fixed point sequence
Cuntavepanit and Panyanak’s proof contains a lemma that uses the existence of Banach limits similar to the Banach limit lemma used in Saejung [7]. To make a current metatheorem applicable, this lemma has to be replaced in the proof. This can be done in the same way as carried out in [1].
Let X be a complete CAT(0) space, be a closed convex subset and be a nonexpansive mapping. For and , consider
One can easily see that is a strict contraction with a contractive constant . Thus, has a unique fixed point by Banach’s fixed point theorem. Hence, solves the following equation uniquely:
The following proposition is our substitute for the use of Banach limits in convergence proofs of modified Halpern iterations.
Proposition 7.1 (See also [[1], Proposition 9.1] for the bounded case)
Let be a sequence in C, , , and let be as defined in (14). Define for all ,
Let be such that holds for all . Assume that is asymptotically regular and . Then
Furthermore, if φ is a rate of asymptotic regularity of and is a rate of convergence of towards 0, then with an effective rate ψ defined by
where
Proof The result follows from the proof given in [1] by collecting all the instances of used in that proof. □
Proposition 7.2 ([[1], Proposition 9.3])
Let be non-increasing. For let be defined as in (14). Let the set C be bounded with . Then for all and , the following holds:
where
and .
Proof For the case of Hilbert spaces, the bound is extracted in [27] from Halpern’s proof of the convergence of . Since that proof extends unchanged to CAT(0) spaces, as remarked by Kirk [33], the same is true for the extracted bound. □
Lemma 7.3 (Compare Saejung [[7], Lemma 2.2])
Let be defined as in Eq. (14). If , then
In particular, for all .
Proof Let . Then
Hence, .
Then, by the definition of in (6) and by Lemma 5.2(3),
for all . □
With this result, we can generalize Proposition 7.2 to unbounded domains given a fixed point p of T.
Corollary 7.4 In the situation of Proposition 7.2, the conclusion also holds if C is unbounded and T has a nonempty fixed point set. In this case, the bound M can be replaced by .
Proof By the logical analysis of Halpern’s proof [[18], Theorem 1] in [[27], Theorem 4.2], one can replace the bound M on the diameter by a bound on . If we have a fixed point p of T at our disposal, we can take this bound to be by Lemma 7.3. □
The next lemma for modified Halpern iterations interestingly is precisely of the form proved for the usual Halpern iterations (for bounded C) in [[1], Lemma 9.2] though the proof is different.
Lemma 7.5 Let and be the modified Halpern iterations as in Definition 3.1. Then for all and ,
with .
Proof Let and be given.
We need the following inequalities which follow from (2):
□
Proof of Theorems 4.1 and 4.2 concluded
The proof of Theorem 4.1 (and also of Theorem 4.2) is essentially the same as the proof of the existence of a rate of metastability for ordinary Halpern iterations in the case of bounded C by Kohlenbach and Leuştean [[1], Theorem 4.2] replacing the rates of asymptotic regularity Φ, used in [1] by the new ones we obtained in Section 6. This is due to the fact that despite the different iteration scheme at hand, Lemma 7.5 (though by a different proof) is identical to [[1], Lemma 9.2]. The only other thing we have to check is that we can use the bound in Proposition 7.1. This, however, follows from Lemma 7.3 and Lemma 5.2(5) and (6).
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The 2nd author has been supported by the German Science Foundation (DFG Project KO 1737/5-1).
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This paper is based on parts of the master thesis of the first author written under the supervision of the second author. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Schade, K., Kohlenbach, U. Effective metastability for modified Halpern iterations in CAT(0) spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2012, 191 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-191
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-191