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Modified ψ-contractive mappings in ordered metric spaces and applications
Fixed Point Theory and Applications volume 2012, Article number: 203 (2012)
Abstract
We set up two new variants of ψ-contractive mappings designed for two and three maps in metric spaces and originate common fixed point theorems for -strictly weakly isotone increasing mappings and relatively weakly increasing mappings in complete ordered metric spaces. To demonstrate our results, we give some examples throughout the paper. At the same time, as applications of the presented theorems, we get hold of common fixed point results for generalized contractions of integral type and we prove an existence theorem for solutions of a system of integral equations.
MSC:47H10, 45F05.
1 Introduction and preliminaries
The celebrated Banach’s contraction mapping principle [1] is one of the cornerstones in the development of nonlinear analysis. Fixed point theorems have applications not only in the various branches of mathematics, but also in economics, chemistry, biology, computer science, engineering, and other areas. In particular, such theorems are used to demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of solutions of differential equations, integral equations, functional equations, partial differential equations and others. Owing to the magnitude, the generalizations of the Banach fixed point theorem have been explored heavily by many authors (see, e.g., [2] and references cited therein).
Browder and Petryshyn [3] introduced the concept of orbital continuity as well as of asymptotic regularity of a self-map at a point in a metric space. Ćirić [4] introduced the concept of an orbitally complete metric space. Sastry et al. [5] extended these concepts to two and three mappings and employed them to prove common fixed point results for commuting mappings. In what follows, we collect such definitions for three maps.
Definition 1 Let , , ℛ be three self-mappings defined on a metric space .
-
1.
If for a point , there exits a sequence in such that , , , then the set is called the orbit of at .
-
2.
The space is said to be -orbitally complete at if every Cauchy sequence in converges in .
-
3.
The map ℛ is said to be orbitally continuous at if it is continuous on .
-
4.
The pair is said to be asymptotically regular (in short a.r.) with respect to ℛ at if there exists a sequence in such that , , , and as .
-
5.
If ℛ is the identity mapping on , we omit ‘ℛ’ in respective definitions.
On the other hand, fixed point theory has developed rapidly in metric spaces endowed with a partial ordering. The foremost result in this direction was given by Ran and Reurings [6] who presented its applications to matrix equations. Subsequently, Nieto and Rodríguez-López [7] extended this result for nondecreasing mappings and applied it to obtain a unique solution for a first-order ordinary differential equation with periodic boundary conditions. From then on, a number of authors have obtained many fixed point theorems in ordered metric spaces. For more details, see, e.g., [8–12] and the references cited therein. Many good quality works have been produced by the authors like Aydi, Karapinar, and Shatanawi in this area. Very recently, Chen [13] introduced ψ-contractive mappings (see Definition 5) and proved some fixed point theorems in an ordered metric space, thus extending and improving the results given in [14]. One of the main results in [13] is the following theorem.
Theorem 1 Let be a complete partially ordered metric space such that for each nondecreasing sequence in converging to , holds for each . Suppose that is a nondecreasing ψ-contractive self-map. If there exists an such that , then has a fixed point in .
In this paper, we extend the results of Chen [13] (and hence some other related common fixed point results) in two directions. The first is treated in Section 3, where the notion of a -contractive condition is introduced in metric spaces. The existence and (under additional assumptions) uniqueness of common fixed points is obtained under the assumptions that respective mappings are strictly weakly isotone increasing and that they satisfy the -contractive condition. In Section 4, we consider the case of three self-mappings , , ℛ where the pair is ℛ-relatively asymptotically regular and relatively weakly increasing, while the new contractive condition, named -contraction, is established.
We supply appropriate examples to make the validity of the propositions of our results obvious. To end with, as applications of the presented theorems, we achieve common fixed point results for generalized contractions of integral type and we prove the existence theorem for solutions of a system of integral equations.
2 Notation and definitions
All the way through this paper, by we designate the set of nonnegative real numbers, while ℕ is the set of natural numbers and .
First, we introduce some further notation and definitions that will be used later.
If is a partially ordered set, then are called comparable if or holds. A subset of is said to be totally ordered if every two elements of are comparable. If is such that, for , implies , then the mapping is said to be nondecreasing.
Definition 2 Let be a partially ordered set and .
-
1.
[15, 16] The pair is called weakly increasing if and for all .
-
2.
[15–17] The mapping is said to be -weakly isotone increasing if for all , we have .
-
3.
[18] The mapping is said to be -strictly weakly isotone increasing if for all such that , we have .
-
4.
[11] Let be such that and , and denote for . We say that and are weakly increasing with respect to ℛ if for all , we have
-
5.
[19] The mapping is called dominating if for each x in .
Remark 1 (1) None of two weakly increasing mappings need to be nondecreasing. There exist some examples to illustrate this fact in [20].
-
(2)
If are weakly increasing, then is -weakly isotone increasing and hence can be -strictly weakly isotone increasing.
-
(3)
can be -strictly weakly isotone increasing, while some of these two mappings can be not strictly increasing (see the following example).
-
(4)
If ℛ is the identity mapping ( for all ), then and are weakly increasing with respect to ℛ if and only if they are weakly increasing mappings.
Example 1 Let be endowed with the usual ordering and define as
Clearly, we have for all , and so, is -strictly weakly isotone increasing; is not strictly increasing.
Let be a metric space and . The mappings f and g are said to be compatible if , whenever is a sequence in such that for some .
Definition 4 Let be a nonempty set. Then is called an ordered metric space if
-
(i)
is a metric space,
-
(ii)
is a partially ordered set.
The space is called regular if the following hypothesis holds: if is a nondecreasing sequence in with respect to ⪯ such that as , then .
3 Common fixed points for generalized -contractive mappings
Inspired by the notion of a ψ-contractive mapping given in [13], we first introduce the notion of -contractive mappings in metric spaces.
For convenience, we denote by F the class of functions satisfying the following conditions:
(C1) ψ is a strictly increasing and continuous function in each coordinate, and
(C2) for all , , , , , and .
The following are some easy examples of functions from class F:
Definition 5 Let be an ordered metric space, and let . The mappings , are said to be -contractive if
where .
For , this definition reduces to the definition of a ψ-contractive mapping from [13]
It is easy to acquire the following examples of -contractive mappings.
Example 2 Let be endowed with usual metric and ordering, and let be given by
If are defined by and , then , are -contractive mappings.
Example 3 Let be endowed with the coordinate ordering (i.e., and ) and with the metric given by
Let be given by
and be given by
Then , are -contractive mappings.
Now, we state and prove our first result.
Theorem 2 Let be a complete ordered metric space. Suppose that are two mappings satisfying the -contractive condition (3.1) for all comparable .
We assume the following hypotheses:
-
(i)
is -strictly weakly isotone increasing;
-
(ii)
there exists an such that ;
-
(iii)
or is continuous at .
Then and have a common fixed point. Moreover, the set of common fixed points of , is totally ordered if and only if and have one and only one common fixed point.
Proof First of all, we show that if or has a fixed point, then it is a common fixed point of and . Indeed, let z be a fixed point of . Assume that . If we use the inequality (3.1), for , we have
which is a contradiction. Thus, and so z is a common fixed point of and . Analogously, one can observe that if z is a fixed point of , then it is a common fixed point of and .
Let be such that . We can define a sequence in as follows:
Since is -strictly weakly isotone increasing, we have
and continuing this process, we get
Now, we claim that for all , we have
Suppose to the contrary that, e.g., for some . From (3.2) we have that for all . Then from (3.1) with and , we get
a contradiction. Hence, we deduce that for each ,
Similarly, we can prove that for all . Therefore, we conclude that (3.3) holds.
Let us denote . Then from (3.3), is a nonincreasing sequence and bounded below. Thus, it must converge to some . If , then similarly as above (e.g., for ), we have
Passing to the limit as , we have
which is a contradiction. Hence,
Next, we claim that is a Cauchy sequence. From (3.4), it will be sufficient to show that is a Cauchy sequence. We proceed with negation and suppose that is not Cauchy. Then we can find a such that for each even integer 2k, there exist even integers such that
We may also assume
by choosing to be the smallest number exceeding for which (3.5) holds. Now (3.4), (3.5), and (3.6) imply
and hence
Also, by the triangular inequality,
and
Therefore, we get
and
Since , are -contractive mappings, we also have
Passing to the limit as , we get
a contradiction. It follows that must be a Cauchy sequence.
Since is complete, there exists such that . Moreover, the continuity of implies that
Similarly, if is continuous, we have that . Using the argument from the beginning of the proof, we conclude that and have a common fixed point.
Now, suppose that the set of common fixed points of and is totally ordered. We claim that there is a unique common fixed point of and . Assume to the contrary that and , but . By supposition, we can replace x by u and y by v in (3.1), and by the continuity of ψ, we obtain
a contradiction. Hence, . The converse is trivial. So, we have completed the proof. □
We are also able to prove the existence of a common fixed point of two mappings without using the continuity of or . More precisely, we have the following theorem.
Theorem 3 Let and satisfy all the conditions of Theorem 2, except that the condition (iii) is substituted by
(iii′) is regular.
Then the same conclusions as in Theorem 2 hold.
Proof Following the proof of Theorem 2, we have that is a Cauchy sequence in which is complete. Then there exists such that
Now suppose that . From regularity of , we have for all . Hence, we can apply the considered contractive condition. Then setting and in (3.1), we obtain
Passing to the limit as and using the properties of ψ, we have
and this is a contradiction. Hence, , i.e., . Analogously, for and , one can prove that . It follows that , that is, and have a common fixed point. □
Corollary 1 Let be a complete ordered metric space. Suppose are two mappings satisfying the -contractive condition for all comparable .
We assume the following hypotheses:
(i′) and are weakly increasing;
(iii′) is regular.
Then and have a common fixed point. Moreover, the set of common fixed points of , is totally ordered if and only if and have one and only one common fixed point.
Putting in Theorem 2 and Theorem 3, we obtain easily the following result.
Corollary 2 Let be a complete ordered metric space. Suppose is a mapping satisfying the ψ-contractive condition for all comparable . Also suppose that for all such that . If there exists an such that and the condition
holds, then has a fixed point. Moreover, the set of fixed points of is totally ordered if and only if it is a singleton.
We present an example showing how our results can be used.
Example 4 Let the set be equipped with the usual metric d and the order defined by
Consider the following self-mappings on :
Take given by
Then it is easy to show that all the conditions of Theorem 2 are fulfilled. The contractive condition (3.1) is trivially satisfied if . Suppose that and , i.e., . Then (3.1) takes the form
Using substitution , , , , the last inequality reduces to
and can be checked by discussion on possible values for . Hence, all the conditions of Theorem 2 are satisfied and , have a common fixed point (which is ).
4 Common fixed points for -contractive mappings
In this section, we generalize and improve the results of Section 3 (hence results given in [13]) for three maps (under additional conditions).
For this, we first introduce the notion of -contraction in metric spaces.
Definition 6 Let be a metric space. Mappings are called -contractive if
for , where .
It is easy to acquire the following example of -contractive mappings.
Example 5 Let be endowed with standard metric and order. Let be given by
and let be defined as
Then , , ℛ are -contractive mappings.
Now, we state and prove our second main result.
Theorem 4 Let be an ordered metric space, and let , , and ℛ be self-maps on satisfying the -contractive condition for every pair (for some ) such that and are comparable.
We assume the following hypotheses:
-
(i)
is a.r. with respect to ℛ at ;
-
(ii)
is -orbitally complete at ;
-
(iii)
and are weakly increasing with respect to ℛ;
-
(iv)
and are dominating maps.
Assume either
-
(a)
and ℛ are compatible; or ℛ is orbitally continuous at or
-
(b)
and ℛ are compatible; or ℛ is orbitally continuous at .
Then , , and ℛ have a common fixed point. Moreover, the set of common fixed points of , , and ℛ is well ordered if and only if , , and ℛ have one and only one common fixed point.
Proof Since is a.r. with respect to ℛ at in , there exists a sequence in such that
and
holds. We claim that
To this aim, we will use the increasing property with respect to ℛ satisfied by the mappings and . From (4.2), we have
Since , and we get
Again,
Since , we get
Hence, by induction, (4.4) holds. Therefore, we can apply (4.1) for and for all p and q.
Next, we claim that is a Cauchy sequence. From (4.3), it will be sufficient to show that is a Cauchy sequence. We proceed with negation and suppose that is not Cauchy. Then we can find a such that for each even integer 2k, there exist even integers such that
We may also assume
by choosing to be the smallest number exceeding for which (4.5) holds. Now (4.3), (4.5), and (4.6) imply
and hence
Also, by the triangular inequality,
and
Therefore, we get
and
Since , , ℛ are -contractive mappings, we also have
Passing to the limit as , we get
a contradiction. It follows that must be a Cauchy sequence.
Since is -orbitally complete at , there exists some such that
We will prove that z is a common fixed point of the three mappings , , and ℛ.
We have
and
Suppose that (a) holds; e.g., let ℛ be orbitally continuous. Since and ℛ are compatible, we have
From (4.7) and the orbital continuity of ℛ, we have
Also, . Now
Passing to the limit as in (4.10), using (4.8) and (4.9), and the continuity of ψ, if , we obtain
a contradiction, hence
Now, and as , so by the assumption, we have and (4.1) gives
Passing to the limit as in the above inequality and using (4.11) and the continuity of ψ, it follows that if ,
which is impossible. Hence,
Now, since and as implies that , from (4.1)
Passing to the limit as , and the continuity of ψ, we obtain that if ,
which gives that
Therefore, , hence z is a common fixed point of ℛ, , and . The proof is similar when is orbitally continuous.
Similarly, the result follows when the condition (b) holds.
Now, suppose that the set of common fixed points of , , and ℛ is totally ordered. We claim that there is a unique common fixed point of , and ℛ. Assume to the contrary that and , but . By supposition, we can replace x by u and y by v in (4.1), and by the lower semi-continuity of ψ, we obtain
a contradiction. Hence, . The converse is trivial. □
Let ℐ be the identity mapping on . Putting in Theorem 4, we obtain easily the following result.
Corollary 3 Let be an ordered metric space, and let and be self-maps on satisfying -contractive conditions for every pair (for some ) such that x and y are comparable.
We assume the following hypotheses:
-
(i)
is a.r. at some point ;
-
(ii)
is -orbitally complete at ;
-
(iii)
and are weakly increasing;
-
(iv)
and are dominating maps;
-
(v)
or is orbitally continuous at .
Then and have a common fixed point. Moreover, the set of common fixed points of and is totally ordered if and only if and have one and only one common fixed point.
If in Theorem 4, we obtain easily the following consequence.
Corollary 4 Let be an ordered metric space, and let and ℛ be self-maps on satisfying
for every pair (for some ), where such that and are comparable.
We assume the following hypotheses:
-
(i)
is a.r. with respect to ℛ at ;
-
(ii)
is -orbitally complete at ;
-
(iii)
is weakly increasing with respect to ℛ;
-
(iv)
is a dominating map;
-
(v)
or ℛ is orbitally continuous at .
Then and ℛ have a common fixed point. Moreover, the set of common fixed points of and ℛ is totally ordered if and only if and ℛ have one and only one common fixed point.
Let ℐ be the identity mapping on . Putting in Corollary 4, we obtain easily the following consequence.
Corollary 5 Let be an ordered metric space, and let be a self-map on satisfying
for every pair (for some ) such that x and y are comparable.
We assume the following hypotheses:
-
(i)
is a.r. at some point ;
-
(ii)
is -orbitally complete at ;
-
(iii)
for all ;
-
(iv)
is a dominating map;
-
(v)
is orbitally continuous at .
Then has a fixed point. Moreover, the set of fixed points of is totally ordered if and only if it is a singleton.
The following example demonstrates the validity of Theorem 4.
Example 6 Let the set be equipped with the usual metric d and the order defined by
Consider the following self-mappings on :
Take . Then it is easy to show that all the conditions (i)-(iv) and (a)-(b) of Theorem 4 are fulfilled (the condition (iii) on ). Take given by
and . Then the contractive condition (4.1) takes the form
for . Using substitution , , the last inequality reduces to
and can be checked by discussion on possible values for . Hence, all the conditions of Theorem 4 are satisfied and , , ℛ have a common fixed point (which is 0).
5 Existence of a common solution of integral equations
Consider the system of integral equations:
where and are continuous functions. The purpose of this section is to give an existence theorem for a solution of (5.1).
We consider the set () of real continuous functions defined on I. This set with the metric given by
is a complete metric space. can also be equipped with the partial order ⪯ given by
Moreover, in [7] it is proved that is regular.
Consider the mappings defined by
Clearly, u is a solution of (5.1) if and only if it is a common fixed point of and .
We shall prove the existence of a common fixed point of and under certain conditions.
Theorem 5 Suppose that the following hypotheses hold:
(H1) for all , , we have
(H2) for all , , we have
(H3) there exist a continuous function and such that
for all and such that ;
(H4) .
Then the system of integral equations (5.1) has a solution .
Proof Let . Using (H1), for all , we have
Similarly, using (H2), for all , we have
Then we have and for all . This implies that and are weakly increasing.
Now, for all such that , by (H3) and (H4), we have
Hence, we have proved that for all such that , we have
Now, all the hypotheses of Corollary 1 are satisfied. Then and have a common fixed point , that is, is a solution of the system (5.1). □
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The authors thank the referees for their valuable comments that helped them to improve the text. The second and third authors are thankful to the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of Serbia.
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Nashine, H.K., Golubović, Z. & Kadelburg, Z. Modified ψ-contractive mappings in ordered metric spaces and applications. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2012, 203 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-203
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-203