- Research
- Open access
- Published:
On multi-valued maps with images in the space of closed subsets of a metric space
Fixed Point Theory and Applications volume 2013, Article number: 10 (2013)
Abstract
A new metric in the space of all closed subsets of a metric space X is proposed. This metric, unlike the generalized Hausdorff metric, takes finite values only, and the convergence of a sequence of closed sets , , with respect to this metric is equivalent to the convergence (in the sense of Hausdorff) for any of the unions of with a closed ‘exterior ball’ of radius r. Using this metric allows one to investigate multi-valued maps that have images in and are not continuous in the Hausdorff metric. In the work, the necessary and sufficient conditions for a multi-valued map to be continuous and Lipschitz with respect to the metric presented are studied, a connection of these properties with their analogues in the Hausdorff metric is derived, and a generalization of the Nadler fixed point theorem is obtained.
MSC:47H04, 47H10, 54E35.
1 Introduction
Let ; ; . Given a metric space , we use the following notation: is the distance in X from a point x to a set M; is the deviation in the sense of Hausdorff of a set N from the set M; , , are, respectively, a sphere, a closed and an open ball of radius centered at in the space X; ; ; is a closed ‘exterior ball’, i.e., the compliment to an open ball; is an r-neighborhood of . By denote the space of all nonempty closed bounded subsets of X. This space we endow with the Hausdorff metric dist:
In this article, multi-valued maps having images in the space of all nonempty closed subsets of a given metric space X are investigated. The necessity of studying such maps arises, for example, in the problems concerning asymptotic behavior of controlled systems trajectories [1, 2]. Treating the space in pair with the Hausdorff metric dist (called, in this case, the generalized Hausdorff metric, meaning it may equal infinity) does not lead to substantial results if, for instance, the corresponding maps have images that are infinitely distant from each other (such maps, obviously, are not continuous, and the classical methods of analysis are not applicable here). As shown in [1–3], a way to overcome this difficulty and make it possible to use the known methods and standard techniques is to construct in the space a metric satisfying the following conditions:
-
(1)
the distance between any closed sets is finite;
-
(2)
if a sequence of closed sets is convergent with respect to the Hausdorff metric, then it is convergent with respect to the ‘new’ metric;
-
(3)
the convergence of a sequence means the convergence for any (with respect to the Hausdorff metric) of the sequence of bounded subsets , , such that and as soon as .
For the space of convex closed subsets of , in [2], a metric (called the Hausdorff-Bebutov metric) satisfying (1)-(3) was suggested. It allowed to investigate differential inclusions with convex unbounded right-hand sides. For studying multi-valued maps with non-convex unbounded images in , the Hausdorff-Bebutov metric turns out to be inefficient since, considered in the space , it does not meet requirements (2) and (3). Moreover, in the structure of the Hausdorff-Bebutov metric, the local compactness of is fundamental, so the definition of this metric itself cannot be used for an arbitrary metric space X. In what follows, a different construction for a metric in the space is offered. It fulfills all the listed requirements and can be used in the case of arbitrary X.
Fix a point and denote , , , . For every , define the operator by the equality
Next, for any sets , suppose
and
The function takes finite values only and, as it will be shown later, satisfies all the axioms of a metric. This metric first was introduced by the authors in [4] for the space of all nonempty closed subsets of a finite dimensional space. In [5], the metric was used for studying the dynamical system of translations in the space of multi-valued maps with images in .
In the work, we point out the benefits the metric gives when it comes to dealing with continuous and Lipschitz multi-valued maps. We emphasize that a crucial role here is played by the construction (2) used in the metric , i.e., associating to every set the set , (representing the union of H with the closed ‘exterior ball’ of radius r centered at θ).a For a map , such an ‘extension’ of the values allows, in particular, to obtain a fixed point theorem (which will be proved in the last section of the paper) for multi-valued maps that in the Hausdorff metric may not be contracting or even continuous and to which the known fixed point principles (for example, Nadler’s theorem) are not applicable. One can also use this idea for a map that is not contracting or continuous. In many cases, after the corresponding extension, the map gets these properties.
2 The space
We start with studying the space .
Fix a point and set . We are interested, above all, in unbounded metric spaces, i.e., in the situation when , but all the results obtained from now on hold also in the case of . Set
and define the function in the following way:
(the latter occurs only if ).
We will need the following properties of this function: for every , the function is non-decreasing; for every , the function is non-increasing.
Show that is non-decreasing. Let . If , then from it follows that . In the case when , (this situation appears only for ), one gets
Finally, if , , then .
Let us illustrate the definition of the function D on some concrete metric spaces.
Example 1 For any linear normed space X with any choice of , the function is given by , .
If , , then no matter what point is chosen as , for any , , the value of is equal to the number of integers belonging to the interval .
One gets the same values for if , , and . If , the value coincides with the number of integers in the set when or , and is equal to the number of integers in the set when .
Next, consider , , . Then , , and for , the function is defined as follows:
-
(1)
if , then
-
(2)
if , then
For arbitrary closed and , we determine now . Next, we show that this distance is finite and also give the properties of the function ; these properties will be used in the sequel.
Lemma 1 Let be given. Then for every and the following statements hold true:
-
(1)
the function is non-decreasing;
-
(2)
for every , the inequality
(6)and the relation
(7)hold;
-
(3)
denoted , the inequality holds for each ;
-
(4)
denoted , the inequality holds for each .
Proof First of all, note that for any sets , one has
To show this inequality, we estimate the deviation . Since
for every and
for every , we get the inequality . Similarly, it can be checked that . So, (8) is proved.
From inequality (8), it follows that for every . Indeed, this is obvious if ; in the case when , one has , and hence,
Using (8) one gets relation (6)
Next, for , , hold. So, as a consequence of (8), the following holds:
Thus, the function is non-decreasing.
Now, we prove equality (7). If , then , for , so (7) is true.
Let . First, suppose that . Since the function is non-decreasing and bounded, there exists . Then for each r, the inequality takes place, and it follows that for any , every , and , one has and . Thus, taking into account , one gets , i.e., . As above, for each point , holds. Hence, for any , which means that . The inequality is easily obtained by passing to the limit in (6).
Now, let . If (7) is not true, then there exists . So, arguing as before, one gets the inequality , which contradicts the initial assumption. Thus, equality (7) is proved.
In order to prove statement (3), note that for every , holds and hence . If , , then, according to the inclusions
one gets
Similarly, it follows that . So, . For every , , holds and therefore,
Property (4) is a consequence of the well-known estimate (see, e.g., [6])
Indeed, assuming , and taking into account that for every , holds, one gets
□
Theorem 1 Equality (5) defines a metric in the space . If X is a complete metric space, then is also complete.
Proof Show that satisfies all the axioms of a metric, i.e., that for any , the following hold:
-
(1)
, and if and only if ;
-
(2)
;
-
(3)
.
It is obvious that and for any . According to Lemma 1, one has
Therefore, . Next,
The symmetry of is straightforward; property (3) follows from the inequalities
Thus, is a metric space.
Now, let X be complete; show that is also a complete metric space.
Consider a fundamental sequence . For any , there is a number such that for all , the following inequality takes place:
From (10), it follows that the number sequence is fundamental, so it is convergent; denote its limit by ; obviously, .
Take an arbitrary radius and consider the sequence . It follows from (10) that for any and all , the inequality takes place. Show that for the sequence and all , the similar inequality holds:
Without loss of generality, assume . Pick an arbitrary . If , then since . In the case when , there exists a point satisfying the estimate . Held , one gets , therefore . So,
Similarly, and relation (11) is proved.
The sequence is fundamental with respect to the metric dist and since the space is complete (see [7]), this sequence converges to some ‘limit’ set . According to inequality (8), the following holds:
and therefore . Moreover, (this equality follows from statement (4) of Lemma 1).
For every , the set is not empty for . Prove that for any , holds. Let . Then there exists a sequence , , convergent to x. This means that ; moreover, . Conversely, let , then , , and hence there is a sequence , , . Starting with some index I, all the members of this sequence satisfy the condition , and therefore . Since converges to , it follows that . So, .
From what has been proved, one may conclude that as r increases, the sets ‘expand’ in the following way: if , then (i.e., is a subset of containing elements x such that .) Define now the set and show it is closed. Note that for every r, holds and the set is closed. Consider a sequence convergent to y. This sequence is bounded, so starting with some index i, the inclusions , , where , hold. Thus, since is closed, it follows that ; on the other hand, . So, and F is closed.
Finally, show that the sequence converges to the set F with respect to the metric . For an arbitrary , put . Since the sequence converges (in the Hausdorff metric) to the set , for every i, starting with some I, the following inequalities hold:
According to Lemma 1, the function is non-decreasing. Hence, from (12), it follows that for every . Next, for , one has . Thus, for all , and therefore , i.e., . □
Remark 1 The function , given by (4), also defines a metric in the space , but for a complete metric space X, the space , unlike , may not be complete. For example, the sequence of the sets (each consisting of a natural number) in the space is fundamental [4]:
yet there is no nonempty set such that
Let us show this. If such a set does exist, then taking any of its points , one gets the following estimates: for every and each ,
Thus, , where is a solution of the equation . So, the inequality
holds, which contradicts relation (13).
The Hausdorff distance between sets has a simple geometric interpretation:
Regarding the metric , the analogue of the ε-neighborhood of a set A is given by
(i.e., by the ε-neighborhood of the set ). This means that the ‘main part’ of the distance can be defined by the equality
Let us now give a criterion for a sequence of closed sets to be convergent with respect to the metric .
Lemma 2 Given , , the convergence implies and for any .
Conversely, let . If there exist and such that for every , the sequence converges in the metric dist to some set , then for any r, such that , holds, and in the space the sequence converges (with respect to ) to the set ; moreover, .
We omit the proof of this statement since it repeats that of the corresponding result for the finite dimensional case [4].
We conclude this section by proving a theorem on the connection between convergence in the metric and convergence in the metric dist. Note that if a sequence converges in the Hausdorff metric, then by statement (2) of Lemma 1, it converges (to the same limit) in the metric ; moreover, as it will be shown later, in the metric . The converse is not true. For example, in ℝ the sequence of sets , , converges in the metric to the set . On the other hand, for any i, j, one has , i.e., the sequence is divergent in the Hausdorff metric.
Theorem 2 Let , . Then the following statements hold:
-
(1)
if , then ;
-
(2)
if and there is a such that , , then and .
Proof (1) Suppose , . Then, for an arbitrary , there is a number such that for every . So, according to inequality (9), one gets , and from (6) it follows that the inequality holds for every . Thus, by Lemma 2, .
(2) Now, let . Then from Lemma 2, it follows that for every . Next, since for every , holds, then . Indeed, if this inclusion fails, then there exists an such that , so one gets the estimate
that contradicts the relation . Hence .
Let . Since , for every i one has
Next, for every , , we have
and therefore , i.e., . Thus, and
Similarly, . So, it is proved that
hence . □
3 Continuous multi-valued maps
Let T be a topological space. Recall that a map is said to be continuous at a point if for any , one can find a neighborhood of such that for every . This definition corresponds to endowing the space with the Hausdorff metric. In what follows, we call a map satisfying the listed requirements continuous in the Hausdorff metric in order to distinguish it from the one considered in the space .
Definition 1 A map is said to be continuous at a point in the metric if for any , there is a neighborhood of such that for every .
Since the space with the metric is a subspace of , one can also apply the given definition to a map , i.e., to a map having closed bounded images.
Following the standard terminology, the map F is called continuous on a set in the metric dist or metric if it is continuous in the corresponding metric at every point of .
Theorem 3
-
(1)
If is continuous at a point in the Hausdorff metric, then it is continuous at in the metric .
-
(2)
If is continuous at a point in the metric and there exist a number and a neighborhood of such that for every , then F is continuous at in the Hausdorff metric.
Proof (1) Suppose F is continuous at some point in the Hausdorff metric and let . Then there is a neighborhood of such that for every . So, for every , according to estimate (9), one gets the inequality and, according to (6), the inequality . Therefore, , .
(2) Now, let be continuous at a point in the metric . This means that, for a positive , there is a neighborhood of such that, for every , the following inequality holds:
Without loss of generality, assume that . From (14), it follows that
for every . Set . Then
and hence
Taking into account the inclusions , one gets
From the estimates obtained, it follows that . In fact,
The last equality holds since for every , one has
i.e., . Similarly, .
Thus, the map F is continuous at a point in the Hausdorff metric. □
So, the continuity of in the Hausdorff metric implies its continuity in the metric . The following example shows that the converse is not true.
Example 2 Consider the map given by . The map F is not only not continuous in the metric dist, but for any , , the following holds:
Show that the map F, nevertheless, is continuous with respect to the metric in with . For arbitrary (assume for definiteness ), one has
Evaluate . First of all,
Then, for every ,
here the equality is attained at the points and , (see Figure 1). Since , from (16) it follows that
From this inequality, one gets
where satisfies . Therefore,
So, due to relations (15) and (17), F is continuous in the metric .
4 Lipschitz multi-valued maps
We consider now multi-valued maps defined on a metric space.
Let be a metric space and . Let . Recall that the map F is said to be q-Lipschitz (or Lipschitz with a constant q) if for any , the following holds:
Naturally, this definition is applicable to a map . In what follows, a map satisfying inequality (18) will be called q-Lipschitz in the Hausdorff metric.
To give the definition of a Lipschitz map in the case when is endowed with the metric , note that this metric is given by a pair of functions defined by (3), (4) (the second of which is a metric itself (see Remark 1)).
Definition 2 Let . A map is said to be q-Lipschitz in the metric if for any ,
and q-Lipschitz in the metric if for any , inequality (19) and the inequality
hold.
In the case of and , a map F satisfying condition (18) is called contracting or q-contracting (in the metric dist). Similarly, a map will be called contracting in the metric implying it satisfies inequality (19) with a constant , and contracting in the metric if it satisfies inequalities (19), (20).
In what follows, the conditions for a map F to be Lipschitz in the metrics dist, , and , as well as connections between these properties are derived.
We begin with the criteria of the q-Lipschitzness of F in the metrics dist and .
Theorem 4
-
(1)
A map is q-Lipschitz in the metric dist if and only if the map is q-Lipschitz in the metric dist for each .
-
(2)
A map is q-Lipschitz in the metric if and only if for every and any such that , the following holds:
(21)
Proof Statement (1) is a direct consequence of the relations between and obtained in paragraph (2) of Lemma 1: the necessity follows from estimate (6) and sufficiency from equality (7).
Prove statement (2). Necessity. Let F be q-Lipschitz in the metric , i.e.,
It follows that if , then
Therefore, inequality (22) takes place for all , such that . Since, according to paragraph (1) of Lemma 1, the function does not decrease for any , , inequality (22) remains valid for every .
Sufficiency. Take arbitrary , , and determine . Then using (21), one gets
and thus . □
Remark 2 A multi-valued map is said to be -uniformly locally Lipschitz (see, e.g., [8]) if for any such that , the inequality holds. So, according to Theorem 4, a map is q-Lipschitz in the metric if and only if for any , the map is -uniformly locally Lipschitz for all .
The following definition allows to consider an important class of metric spaces often appearing in applications and to which the use of Theorem 4 (and the statements proved further on) is of particular interest.
Definition 3 [8]
A metric space is said to be convex if for any points , , there exists a point such that
We will also need the following statement: if is complete and convex, then
This property of convex metric spaces follows immediately from [[9], Theorems 14.1, 15.1].
If is complete and convex, then paragraph (2) of Theorem 4 can be specified.
Corollary 1 Let Ω be a complete, convex metric space. Then a map is q-Lipschitz in the metric if and only if inequality (21) holds for every and any (i.e., if and only if the map is q-Lipschitz in the metric dist for every ).
Proof Necessity. For and any , one has , so and (21) holds for all , .
Now, let . The map F is q-Lipschitz in the metric , so according to Theorem 4, for all , the inequality implies relation (21). Fix some , satisfying and show that (21) remains valid. By the property (23), there exists a finite set of points such that , , and
So, one gets
The sufficiency part of the theorem follows directly from Theorem 4. □
Note that the hypotheses of completeness and convexity of Ω in Corollary 1 are crucial. Consider some examples.
Example 3 Let , , , where , , , . The space X is complete and, obviously, not convex. Define the map by
Estimate for arbitrary .
Evidently, if , , then .
Let , , ; without loss of generality, assume that . Then for . Next, if , then
therefore, . Since for the same values of r, holds, one gets
On the other hand, . Hence,
In all the other cases, i.e., when , , , , or when , , , , doing the analogous calculations one also gets estimation (25).
So, the map F is contracting in the metric with a constant . Moreover, since for any , , the map F is contracting in the metric .
However, the map is not contracting (in the metric dist) for . Choosing, for example, , , for any , one gets
i.e., in this case, the Lipschitz constant . For the same values , and , the following hold:
Note that the map considered does not have fixed points in X. This means that, for example, in the Nadler theorem, one cannot replace the classical assumption of F be contracting in the metric dist with the one of F be contracting in the metric . Nevertheless, using the map instead of the map F allows to weaken the known conditions of fixed points existence. The corresponding result will be given in the next section.
Example 4 Let , , , where , , , . This space is convex, but not complete. Define the map by (24).
Like in Example 3, this map is -contracting in the metrics and (the corresponding arguments repeat those stated above), but for the map , , and, for example, , , one gets again
The next theorem establishes a connection between the concepts of Lipschitzness considered in different metrics of the space .
Theorem 5
-
(1)
If a map is q-Lipschitz in the Hausdorff metric, then it is q-Lipschitz in the metric and all the more in the metric .
-
(2)
In the case when Ω is a complete and convex metric space, the concepts of q-Lipschitzness of in the metrics , , and dist are equivalent.
We give a simple diagram illustrating this theorem:
Here, a solid arrow means that the Lipschitzness of F in the first metric implies its Lipschitzness in the second metric; a dashed arrow corresponds to a relation between these properties that takes place only if the metric space Ω is complete and convex.
Proof (1) The correctness of the implication follows from statements (2) and (4) of Lemma 1. Further, by Definition 2, the q-Lipschitzness of the map F in the metric implies its q-Lipschitzness in the metric .
(2) Now, let Ω be complete, convex and be q-Lipschitz in the metric . Then, according to Corollary 1, the map is q-Lipschitz for every and hence, by statement (1) of Theorem 4, the map F is q-Lipschitz in the metric dist. Therefore, F is q-Lipschitz in the metric (see paragraph (1) of the theorem). □
Let us show that the convexity of a metric space is essential for equivalence of the properties of q-Lipschitzness in the metrics dist, , .
Note that the maps considered in Examples 3 and 4 are contracting (with a constant ) in the metrics and . With respect to the metric dist, they are only Lipschitz with a constant . Give an example of a map that is contracting in the metric and not Lipschitz in the metric dist.
Example 5 On the set ℕ, define the metric and choose . Consider given by . Let , . Obviously, ; determine for different . If , then
For every , one has
Since, for the same values of r, holds, it follows that
So, the map F is q-contracting, , in the metric . On the other hand,
and therefore, there is no constant q for F to be q-Lipschitz in the Hausdorff metric.
Next, consider a map that is q-Lipschitz in the metric and not q-Lipschitz in the metric .
Example 6 Let be given by (assume , ). Then, like in Example 5, for any (), one has
i.e., inequality (19) is valid with . But
and thus estimate (20) does not hold.
5 Fixed point theorems
In this section, we prove a generalization of the Nadler fixed point theorem for a multi-valued map . The idea of the generalization consists in replacing the image by the set . As it has been mentioned already, this transformation allows to reduce the distance between the images of a map and, in a number of cases, to turn a multi-valued map that is not even continuous into a contracting one. And if it can be proved that a fixed point of the ‘new’ map does not belong to , then this point becomes a fixed one also for the initial map F.
Theorem 6 Let X be a complete metric space and . Let there exist and such that:
-
(1)
the map is q-contracting (in the metric dist), i.e.,
(26) -
(2)
there exists such that
(27)
Then there is a point satisfying the inclusion and the estimate .
Proof From assumption (1), by the Nadler theorem (see [6, 8]), it follows that for every and any , there is a fixed point of the map satisfying the inequality
Choose ε so that
Because of inequality (27), such an ε does exist. Then, from estimates (28), (29), one gets
So, and , and it follows that is a fixed point of the map F. □
In the classical theorem of Nadler, if a map is contracting (in the Hausdorff metric) with a constant and with a fixed point satisfying the condition , then this map has at least one more fixed point different from (see [6]). For maps meeting the requirements of Theorem 6, the analogous statement may not be true. In fact, it is easy to explain: arguing as in [[6], Theorem 2.1.3], take , , as an initial point and, using the iteration procedure, find a fixed point of the map . Since , it is easy to show that . It may turn out, however, that and , i.e., the point is not a fixed point of the map F. This situation does not occur if the element satisfies condition (2) of Theorem 6. Thus, the following statement holds.
Corollary 2 Let be a contracting map with , and let satisfying be a fixed point of the map F. Then, if there is a point , , such that
then F has at least one more fixed point .
Remark 3 An attempt to ‘make’ the map F a contracting one replacing it by the map turns out to be far less efficient than using the map . This follows from the obvious estimate (see inequality (8))
Example 7 Consider the map given by (assume , ). We show first that this map is not q-Lipschitz (for no q) and, moreover, at any point is neither upper semicontinuous nor lower semicontinuous. More precisely, we prove that for any close enough, , hold.
Without loss of generality, assume . In order to evaluate the deviation
prove that
for any , , and all , such that
Consider two situations: and .
Let , then and hence,
So, inequality (31) is correct.
If , then , and inequality (31) holds as well.
Now, calculate the deviation (30) when , satisfy condition (32). Due to inequality (31), one gets
For evaluating the deviation , it can be shown in the same manner that if , then for any i, j, the inequality
holds and therefore,
Despite the fact that for any close enough , , Theorem 6 can be applied to the map F. Put , , and prove that relations (26) and (27) are valid. To determine the set , we will use equality (2′) since in the space ℝ definitions (2) and (2′) lead to the same values of , (see the footnote on page 2), but the calculations by means of (2′) are less ponderous.
First of all, note that the map , , has a countable family of continuous selections , ,
and (see Figure 2). Therefore,
For arbitrary and any , holds, where
Since , the following estimate holds:
i.e., the map is contracting with a constant .
Further, taking into account that , one gets ,
so condition (2) of Theorem 6 is also satisfied. Thus, there exists a fixed point of the map F such that (it is easy to check that is the minimal solution of the equation ).
In conclusion, note that in the example considered, replacing the map by the map does not allow to apply the Nadler theorem. Unlike the contractive map , the map is not defined on and is not lower semicontinuous at points , . Indeed, , ; for every and any , one has
and hence as (see Figure 3).
Endnote
Note that in the case of linear normed X, the values of and calculated by means of (4) and (5) do not change if one defines the operator by the equality
This very definition was used in [4] for . Using (2′) for an arbitrary metric space does not seem possible since, first of all, a sphere may result in an empty set and as a consequence, the set will be empty when .
References
Panasenko EA, Tonkov EL: Invariant and stably invariant sets for differential inclusions. Proc. Steklov Inst. Math. 2008, 262: 194–212. 10.1134/S0081543808030164
Panasenko EA, Tonkov EL: Extension of E.A. Barbashin’s and N.N. Krasovskii’s stability theorems to controlled dynamical systems. Proc. Steklov Inst. Math. 2010, 268: 204–221. Suppl. 1 10.1134/S0081543810050159
Panasenko EA, Rodina LI, Tonkov EL: The space clcv(Rn) with the Hausdorff-Bebutov metric and differential inclusions. Proc. Steklov Inst. Math. 2011, 275: 121–136. Suppl. 1 10.1134/S0081543811090094
Zhukovskiy ES, Panasenko EA: On one metric in the space of nonempty closed subsets of Rn. Bull. Udmurt Univ. Math., Mech., Comput. Sci. 2012, 1: 15–25.
Panasenko EA: Dynamical system of translations in the space of multi-valued functions with closed images. Bull. Udmurt Univ. Math., Mech., Comput. Sci. 2012, 2: 28–33.
Borisovich YG, Gel’man BD, Myshkis AD, Obukhovskii VV: Introduction to the Theory of Multi-Valued Maps and Differential Inclusions. Akad. Nauk USSR, Moscow; 2005. (in Russian)
Price GB: On the completeness of a certain metric space with an application to Blaschke’s selection theorem. Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 1940, 46(4):278–280. 10.1090/S0002-9904-1940-07195-2
Nadler S Jr.: Multi-valued contraction mappings. Pac. J. Math. 1969, 30(2):475–488. 10.2140/pjm.1969.30.475
Blumenthal LM: Theory and Applications of Distance Geometry. Chelsea, New York; 1970.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
All authors contributed equally and significantly in writing this article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors’ original submitted files for images
Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhukovskiy, E.S., Panasenko, E.A. On multi-valued maps with images in the space of closed subsets of a metric space. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2013, 10 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2013-10
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2013-10