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A short note on approximation properties of Stancu generalization of q-Durrmeyer operators

Abstract

In the present paper, we introduce a simple Stancu generalization of q-analogue of well-known Durrmeyer operators. We first estimate moments of q-Durrmeyer-Stancu operators. We also establish the rate of convergence as well as Voronovskaja type asymptotic formula for q-Durrmeyer-Stancu operators.

1 Introduction

In the last decade, the applications of q-calculus in the approximation theory is one of the main areas of research. To approximate Lebesgue integrable functions on the interval [0,1], Durrmeyer introduced the integral modification of the well-known Bernstein polynomials. In 1981, Derriennic [1] first studied these operators in detail. After the q-analogue of Bernstein polynomials by Phillips [2], Gupta and Heping [3] introduced q-Durrmeyer operators. Several other researchers have studied in this direction and obtained different approximation properties of many operators [4, 5]. In the present article, we propose the q-analogue of the Stancu generalization of Durrmeyer operators and study the convergence behavior. We have used notations of q-calculus as given in [68].

We set p n k (q;x)= ( n k ) q x k ( 1 x ) q n k , p k (q;x)= x k ( 1 q ) k [ k ] q ! ( 1 x ) q .

Phillips [2] proposed the following q-Bernstein polynomials, which for each positive integer n and fC[0,1] are defined as

B n , q (f;x)= k = 0 n f ( [ k ] q [ n ] q ) p n k (q;x).

In 2005, Derriennic [9] introduced a q-analogue of the Durrmeyer operators and has established some approximation properties of the q-Durrmeyer operators. After couple of years, Gupta [10] studied q-analogue of Durrmeyer operators and discussed approximation properties of the following q-Durrmeyer operators: For fC[0,1],

D n , q ( f ; x ) = [ n + 1 ] q k = 0 n q k p n k ( q ; x ) 0 1 f ( t ) p n k ( q ; q t ) d q t = k = 0 n A n k ( f ) p n k ( q ; x ) ; 0 x 1 .
(1)

Recently, Ibrahim et al. [11, 12] introduced Stancu generalization of certain operators and discussed its approximation properties. Motivated by such type operators, we introduce the Stancu type generalization of the q-Durrmeyer operators (1) for 0αβ, which is defined as follows:

D n , q α , β ( f ; x ) = [ n + 1 ] q k = 0 n q k p n k ( q ; x ) 0 1 f ( [ n ] q t + α [ n ] q + β ) p n k ( q ; q t ) d q t = k = 0 n A n k α , β ( f ) p n k ( q ; x ) ; 0 x 1 .
(2)

It can be easily verified that in case q=1, α=0 and β=0, the operators defined in (2) reduce to the well-known Durrmeyer operators as defined in [1]. Throughout the present manuscript, the expression g n (x)g(x) means uniform convergence of a sequence { g n (x)} to g(x).

The present note deals with the study of q-Durrmeyer-Stancu operators { D n , q α , β (f)} for 0<q<1. First, we estimate the moments for q-Durrmeyer-Stancu operators. We also study the rate of convergence as well as asymptotic formula for these operators { D n , q α , β (f)}. We establish a direct results in terms of ω(f,).

2 Estimation of moments

In this section, we shall obtain D n , q α , β ( t i ;x), i=0,1, .

Note that for s=0,1, and by the definition of q-Beta function [7], we have

0 1 t s p n k ( q ; q t ) d q t = q k [ n ] q ! [ k + s ] q ! [ n + s + 1 ] q ! [ k ] q ! and 0 1 t s p k ( q ; q t ) d q t = ( 1 q ) s + 1 q k [ k + s ] q ! [ k ] q ! .
(3)

Lemma 1 We have

D n , q α , β ( 1 ; x ) = 1 , D n , q α , β ( t ; x ) = [ n ] q + α [ n + 2 ] q + q x [ n ] q 2 [ n + 2 ] q ( [ n ] q + β ) , D n , q α , β ( t 2 ; x ) = q 3 [ n ] q 3 ( [ n ] q 1 ) x 2 + ( ( q ( 1 + q ) 2 + 2 α q 4 ) [ n ] q 3 + 2 α q [ 3 ] q [ n ] q 2 ) x ( [ n ] q + β ) 2 [ n + 2 ] q [ n + 3 ] q D n , q α , β ( t 2 ; x ) = + α 2 ( [ n ] q + β ) 2 + ( 1 + q + 2 α q 3 ) [ n ] q 2 + 2 α [ 3 ] q [ n ] q ( [ n ] q + β ) 2 [ n + 2 ] q [ n + 3 ] q .

Lemma 2 We have

δ n ( x ) = D n , q α , β ( t x , x ) = ( q [ n ] q 2 [ n + 2 ] q ( [ n ] q + β ) 1 ) x + [ n ] q + α [ n + 2 ] q [ n + 2 ] q ( [ n ] q + β ) , γ n ( x ) = D n , q α , β ( ( t x ) 2 , x ) γ n ( x ) = q 4 [ n ] q 4 q 3 [ n ] q 3 2 q [ n ] q 2 [ n + 3 ] q ( [ n ] q + β ) + [ n + 2 ] q [ n + 3 ] q ( [ n ] q + β ) 2 ( [ n ] q + β ) 2 [ n + 2 ] q [ n + 3 ] q x 2 γ n ( x ) = + q ( 1 + q ) 2 [ n ] q 3 + 2 q α [ n ] q 2 [ n + 3 ] q ( 2 [ n ] q + 2 α [ n + 2 ] q ) [ n + 3 ] q ( [ n ] q + β ) ( [ n ] q + β ) 2 [ n + 2 ] q [ n + 3 ] q x γ n ( x ) = + ( 1 + q ) [ n ] q 2 + 2 α [ n ] q [ n + 3 ] q ( [ n ] q + β ) 2 [ n + 2 ] q [ n + 3 ] q .

Remark 1 [10] By simple computation, it can easily be verified that

D n , q ( t m ; x ) = [ n + 1 ] q ! [ n + m + 1 ] q ! k = 0 n [ k + 1 ] q [ k + 2 ] q [ k + m ] q p n k (q;x),r1.

Using [ k + s ] q = [ s ] q + q s [ k ] q , we get [ k + 1 ] q [ k + 2 ] q [ k + m ] q = s = 1 m ( [ s ] q + q s [ k ] q )= s = 1 m c s (m) [ k ] q s , where c s (m)>0, s=0,1,2,,m are constants independent of k. Hence, D n , q ( t m ;x)= [ n + 1 ] q ! [ n + m + 1 ] q ! s = 1 m c s (m) k = 0 n [ k ] q s p n k (q;x)= [ n + 1 ] q ! [ n + m + 1 ] q ! s = 1 m c s (m) [ n ] q s B n , q ( t s ;x).

Remark 2 For all mN{0}, 0αβ, we have the following recursive relation for the images of the monomials t m under D n , q α , β ( t m ;x) in terms of D n , q ( t j ;x); j=0,1,2,,m, as

D n , q α , β ( t m ; x ) = j = 0 m ( m j ) [ n ] q j α m j ( [ n ] q + β ) m D n , q ( t j , x ) = j = 0 m ( m j ) [ n ] q j α m j ( [ n ] q + β ) m [ n + 1 ] q ! [ n + j + 1 ] q ! s = 1 j c s ( m ) [ n ] q s B n , q ( t s ; x ) .

Since c s (m)>0 for s=1,2,,m and B n , q ( t s ;x) is a polynomial of degree min(s,n) (see [13]), we get D n , q α , β ( t m ;x) is a polynomial of degree min(m,n).

3 Convergence of q-Durrmeyer-Stancu operators

Theorem 1 Let q n (0,1]. Then the sequence { D n , q n α , β (f)} convergence to f uniformly on [0,1] for each fC[0,1] if and only if lim n q n =1.

The proof of the above theorem follows along the lines of [10], Theorem 2], thus we omit the details.

Let q(0,1) be fixed. We define D , q α , β (f,1)=f(1) and for x(0,1)

D , q α , β ( f ; x ) = 1 1 q k = 0 p k ( q ; x ) q k 0 1 f ( [ n ] q t + α [ n ] q + β ) p k ( q ; q t ) d q t = k = 0 A k α , β ( f ) p k ( q ; x ) .
(4)

Using the fact that [14], we have

k = 0 p k ( q ; x ) = 1 , k = 0 ( 1 q k ) p k ( q ; x ) = x , and k = 0 ( 1 q k ) 2 p k ( q ; x ) = x 2 + ( 1 q ) x ( 1 x ) .

Using (3) and (4), it is easy to prove that

D , q α , β ( 1 ; x ) = 1 , D , q α , β ( t ; x ) = [ n ] q ( 1 + q ( x 1 ) ) + α [ n ] q + β , D , q α , β ( t 2 ; x ) = [ n ] q 2 q 4 x 2 + ( [ n ] q 2 ( q ( 1 + q ) ( 1 q 2 ) ) + 2 q α [ n ] q ) x ( [ n ] q + β ) 2 D , q α , β ( t 2 ; x ) = + [ n ] q 2 ( 1 q ) 2 ( 1 + q ) + 2 α ( 1 q ) [ n ] q + α 2 ( [ n ] q + β ) 2 .

For fC[0,1], t>0, we define the modulus of continuity ω(f,t) as follows: ω(f,t)=sup{|f(x)f(y)|:|xy|t,x,y[0,1]}. We shall show the following theorem.

Theorem 2 Let 0<q<1 then for each fC[0,1] the sequence { D n , q α , β (f;x)} converges to D , q α , β (f;x) uniformly on [0,1]. Furthermore, D n , q α , β (f) D , q α , β (f) C q α , β ω(f, q n ).

The proof of the above theorem follows along the lines of [10], Theorem 3], thus we omit the details.

Remark 3 We may observe that, for f(x)= x 2 , we have D n , q α , β (f) D , q α , β (f) q n ω 2 (f, q n ), where A(n)B(n) means that A(n)B(n) and A(n)B(n), and A(n)B(n) means that there exists a positive constant C independent of n such that A(n)CB(n). Hence, the estimate of Theorem 2 is sharp in the following sense: the sequence q n in Theorem 2 cannot be replaced by any other sequence decreasing to zero more rapidly as n.

Lemma 3 [15]

Let L be a positive linear operator on C[0,1], which reproduces linear functions. If L( t 2 ,x)> x 2 x(0,1), then L(f)=f if and only if f is linear.

Remark 4 Since D , q α , β ( t 2 ,x)= [ n ] q 2 [ ( 1 q ) 2 ( 1 + q ) + q ( 1 + 2 q ) ( 1 q ) x + q 3 ( 1 q ) x + q 4 x 2 ] + 2 α [ n ] q ( 1 + q ( x 1 ) ) + α 2 [ n ] q + β > x 2 for 0<q<1 consequence of Lemma 3 we have the following:

Theorem 3 Let 0<q<1 be fixed and let fC[0,1]. Then D , q α , β (f;x)=f(x) for all x[0,1] if and only if f is linear.

Remark 5 Let 0<q<1 be fixed and let fC[0,1]. Then the sequence { D n , q α β (f;x)} does not approximate f(x) unless f is linear. This is completely in contrast to the classical Bernstein polynomials, by which { D n (f;x)} approximates f(x) for any fC[0,1].

Theorem 4 For any fC[0,1], { D , q α , β (f)} converges to f uniformly on [0,1] as q1.

Next, we establish a Voronovskaja type asymptotic formula for the operators D n , q n α , β :

Theorem 5 Let f be bounded and integrable on the interval [0,1], second derivative of f exists at a fixed point x[0,1] and q= q n (0,1) such that q n 1 as n, then

lim n [ n ] q n ( D n , q n α , β ( f ; x ) f ( x ) ) = ( α + 1 ( 2 + β ) x ) f (x)+x(1+x) f (x).

The proof of the above lemma follows along the lines of [16], Theorem 3]; thus, we omit the details.

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Acknowledgements

Dedicated to Prof. Hari M. Srivastava on the occasion of his 72th Birth Anniversary.

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Correspondence to Vishnu Narayan Mishra.

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Authors’ contributions

PP computed the moments of the modified operators, established the rate of convergence and Voronovskaja type asymptotic formula. VM conceived of the study and participated in its design and coordination. VM and PP contributed equally to this work. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Mishra, V.N., Patel, P. A short note on approximation properties of Stancu generalization of q-Durrmeyer operators. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2013, 84 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2013-84

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