Strong convergence of a splitting algorithm for treating monotone operators

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate a splitting algorithm for treating monotone operators. Strong convergence theorems are established in the framework of Hilbert spaces.

1 Introduction and preliminaries

In this article, we always assume that H is a real Hilbert space with inner product $〈\cdot ,\cdot 〉$ and norm $\parallel \cdot \parallel$ and C is a nonempty, closed, and convex subset of H.

Let $S:C\to C$ be a mapping. $F(S)$ stands for the fixed point set of S. S is said to be contractive iff there exists a constant $\alpha \in (0,1)$ such that

$$\parallel Sx-Sy\parallel \le \alpha \parallel x-y\parallel ,\mathrm{\forall }x,y\in C.$$

It is well known that every contractive mapping has a unique fixed point in metric spaces. S is said to be nonexpansive iff

$$\parallel Sx-Sy\parallel \le \parallel x-y\parallel ,\mathrm{\forall }x,y\in C.$$

If C is a bounded, closed, and convex subset of H, then $F(S)$ is not empty, closed, and convex; see [1] and the references therein. S is said to be strictly pseudocontractive iff there exists a constant $\kappa \in [0,1)$ such that

$${\parallel Sx-Sy\parallel }^2\le {\parallel x-y\parallel }^2+\kappa {\parallel x-y-Sx+Sy\parallel }^2,\mathrm{\forall }x,y\in C.$$

The class of strictly pseudocontractive mapping was introduced by Browder and Petryshyn [2]. It is clear that the class of strictly pseudocontractive mappings include the class of nonexpansive mappings as a special case. It is also not hard to see that strictly pseudocontractive mapping is continuous.

Let $A:C\to H$ be a mapping. Recall that A is said to be monotone iff

$$〈Ax-Ay,x-y〉\ge 0,\mathrm{\forall }x,y\in C.$$

A is said to be strongly monotone iff there exists a constant $\kappa >0$ such that

$$〈Ax-Ay,x-y〉\ge \kappa {\parallel x-y\parallel }^2,\mathrm{\forall }x,y\in C.$$

A is said to be inverse-strongly monotone iff there exists a constant $\kappa >0$ such that

$$〈Ax-Ay,x-y〉\ge \kappa {\parallel Ax-Ay\parallel }^2,\mathrm{\forall }x,y\in C.$$

A is inverse-strongly monotone iff the inverse of A is strongly monotone. It is not hard to see that every inverse-strongly monotone mapping is monotone and continuous. Let I be the identity mapping on H. From [2], we know that $I-S$ is inverse-strongly monotone iff S is strictly pseudocontractive; for more details, see [2] and the references therein.

The classical variational inequality problem is formulated as finding a point $x\in C$ such that

$$〈y-x,Ax〉\ge 0,\mathrm{\forall }y\in C.$$

Such a point $x\in C$ is called a solution of the variational inequality. In this paper, we use $VI(C,A)$ to denote the solution set of the variational inequality. It is known that x is a solution of the variational inequality iff x is a fixed point of the mapping ${Proj}_C(I-rA)$, where ${Proj}_C$ is the metric projection from H onto C, I is the identity and r is some positive real number. Recently, many authors studied solutions of inverse-strongly monotone variational inequalities based on the equivalence; see [3–13].

Recall that a set-valued mapping $B:H\rightrightarrows H$ is said to be monotone iff, for all $x,y\in H$, $f\in Bx$ and $g\in By$ imply $〈x-y,f-g〉>0$. In this paper, we use $B^{-1}(0)$ to stand for the zero point of B. A monotone mapping $B:H\rightrightarrows H$ is maximal iff the graph $Graph(B)$ of B is not properly contained in the graph of any other monotone mapping. It is known that a monotone mapping B is maximal if and only if, for any $(x,f)\in H\times H$, $〈x-y,f-g〉\ge 0$, for all $(y,g)\in Graph(B)$ implies $f\in Bx$. For a maximal monotone operator B on H, and $r>0$, we may define the single-valued resolvent $J_r:H\to Dom(B)$, where $Dom(B)$ denote the domain of B. It is known that $J_r$ is firmly nonexpansive, and $B^{-1}(0)=F(J_r)$.

One of the most important techniques for solving zero point problem of monotone operators goes back to the work of Browder [14]. Many important problems have reformulations which require finding zero points, for instance, evolution equations, complementarity problems, mini-max problems, variational inequalities and fixed point problems. It is well known that minimizing a convex function f can be reduced to finding zero points of the subdifferential mapping $A=\partial f$. One of the basic ideas in the case of a Hilbert space H is reducing the above inclusion problem to a fixed point problem of the operator $R_A$ defined by $R_A={(I+A)}^{-1}$, which is called the classical resolvent of A. If A has some monotonicity conditions, the classical resolvent of A is with full domain and firmly nonexpansive. The property of the resolvent ensures that the Picard iterative algorithm $x_{n+1}=R_A{x}_n$ converge weakly to a fixed point of $R_A$, which is necessarily a zero point of A. Rockafellar introduced this iteration method and call it the proximal point algorithm (PPA); for more details, see [15] and [16] and the references therein.

It is known that PPA is only convergent and it was also pointed in [17] that it is often impractical since, in many cases, to solve the fixed point problem exactly is either impossible or of the same difficult as the original zero point problem. Therefore, one of the most interesting and important problems in the theory of monotone operators is to find an efficient iterative algorithm to compute their zero points. In many disciplines, including economics [18], image recovery [19], quantum physics [20], and control theory [21], problems arises in infinite dimension spaces. In such problems, strong convergence (norm convergence) is often much more desirable than weak convergence, for it translates the physically tangible property that the energy $\parallel x_n-x\parallel$ of the error between the iterate $x_n$ and the solution x eventually becomes arbitrarily small. The important of strong convergence is also underlined in [22], where a convex function f is minimized via the proximal point algorithm: it is shown that the rate of convergence of the value sequence $\{f(x_n)\}$ is better when $\{x_n\}$ converges strongly that it converges weakly. Such properties have a direct impact when the process is executed directly in the underlying infinite dimensional space.

To improve the weak convergence of PPA, many authors considered lots of different modifications; see [23–36] the references therein. One of the classic results was established by Solodov and Svaiter [33]. They obtained strong convergence theorems in Hilbert space without any compact assumption but with the aid of the metric projection.

In this paper, we are concerned with the problem of finding an element in the zero point set of the sum of two operators which are inverse-strongly monotone and a maximal monotone and in the fixed point set of a mapping which is strictly pseudocontractive. Strong convergence theorems are established without the aid of the metric projections. The organization of this paper is as follows. In Section 1, we provide an introduction and some necessary preliminaries. In Section 2, a regularization iterative algorithm is investigated. A strong convergence theorem is established without the aid of metric projections. In Section 3, applications of the main results are discussed.

In order to prove our main results, we also need the following lemmas.

Lemma 1.1 [36]

Let $A:C\to H$ be a mapping, and $B:H\rightrightarrows H$ a maximal monotone operator. Then $F(J_r(I-rB))={(A+B)}^{-1}(0)$.

Lemma 1.2 [37]

Let E be a Banach space and let A be an m-accretive operator. For $\lambda >0$, $\mu >0$, and $x\in E$, we have $J_{\lambda }x=J_{\mu }(\frac{\mu }{\lambda }x+(1-\frac{\mu }{\lambda })J_{\lambda }x)$, where $J_{\lambda }={(I+\lambda A)}^{-1}$ and $J_{\mu }={(I+\mu A)}^{-1}$.

Lemma 1.3 [38]

Let $\{x_n\}$ and $\{y_n\}$ be bounded sequences in a Banach space E, and $\{{\beta }_n\}$ be a sequence in $(0,1)$ with $0<{lim\hspace{0.17em}inf}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_n\le {lim\hspace{0.17em}sup}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_n<1$. Suppose that $x_{n+1}=(1-{\beta }_n)y_n+{\beta }_n{x}_n$, $\mathrm{\forall }n\ge 1$ and

$$\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim\hspace{0.17em}sup}(\parallel y_{n+1}-y_n\parallel -\parallel x_{n+1}-x_n\parallel )\le 0.$$

Then ${lim}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}\parallel y_n-x_n\parallel =0$.

Lemma 1.4 [39]

Let $\{a_n\}$ be a sequence of nonnegative numbers satisfying the condition $a_{n+1}\le (1-t_n)a_n+t_n{b}_n+c_n$, $\mathrm{\forall }n\ge 0$, where $\{t_n\}$ is a number sequence in $(0,1)$ such that ${lim}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{t}_n=0$ and ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{t}_n=\mathrm{\infty }$, $\{b_n\}$ is a number sequence such that ${lim\hspace{0.17em}sup}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{b}_n\le 0$, and $\{c_n\}$ is a positive number sequence such that ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{c}_n<\mathrm{\infty }$. Then ${lim}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{a}_n=0$.

Lemma 1.5 [40]

Let $S:C\to C$ be a strictly pseudocontractive mapping with the constant $\kappa \in [0,1)$. Then S is Lipschitz continuous and $I-S$ is demiclosed at zero. Define a mapping $T:C\to C$ by $Tx:=ax+(1-a)Sx$ for each $x\in C$. Then, as $a\in [\kappa ,1)$, T is nonexpansive such that $F(S)=F(T)$.

2 Convergence analysis

Theorem 2.1 Let $A:C\to H$ be an α-inverse-strongly monotone mapping and let B be a maximal monotone operator on H. Let $S:C\to C$ be a strictly pseudocontractive mapping with the constant $\kappa \in [0,1)$ and let $f:C\to C$ be a contractive mapping with the constant $\beta \in [0,1)$. Assume that $Dom(B)\subset C$ and $F(S)\cap {(A+B)}^{-1}(0)$ is not empty. Let $J_{r_n}={(I+r_{n}B)}^{-1}$ and let $\{x_n\}$ be a sequence generated in the following process: $x_0\in C$ and

$$\{\begin{array}{c}{z}_n={\alpha }_{n}f(x_n)+(1-{\alpha }_n)x_n,\hfill \\ y_n=J_{r_n}(z_n-r_{n}A{z}_n+e_n),\hfill \\ x_{n+1}={\beta }_n{x}_n+(1-{\beta }_n)({\gamma }_n{y}_n+(1-{\gamma }_n)S{y}_n),\mathrm{\forall }n\ge 0,\hfill \end{array}$$

where $\{{\alpha }_n\}$, $\{{\beta }_n\}$ and $\{{\gamma }_n\}$ are real number sequences in $(0,1)$ and $\{r_n\}$ is a positive real number sequence in $(0,2\alpha )$. Assume that the control sequences satisfy the following restrictions:

• (a) ${lim}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n=0$, ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n=\mathrm{\infty }$;

• (b) $0<{lim\hspace{0.17em}inf}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_n\le {lim\hspace{0.17em}sup}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_n<1$;

• (c) $\kappa \le {\gamma }_n\le a<1$, ${lim}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}|{\gamma }_{n+1}-{\gamma }_n|=0$;

• (d) $0<b\le r_n\le c<2\alpha$ and ${\sum }_{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}|r_n-r_{n-1}|<\mathrm{\infty }$;

• (e) ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\parallel e_n\parallel <\mathrm{\infty }$,

where a, b and c are three real numbers. Then $\{x_n\}$ converges strongly to a point $\overline{x}\in F(S)\cap {(A+B)}^{-1}(0)$, where $\overline{x}={Proj}_{F(S)\cap {(A+B)}^{-1}(0)}f(\overline{x})$.

Proof First, we show that $\{x_n\}$ is bounded. Notice that $I-r_{n}A$ is nonexpansive. Indeed, we have

$$\begin{array}{r}{\parallel (I-r_{n}A)x-(I-r_{n}A)y\parallel }^2\\ ={\parallel x-y\parallel }^2-2r_n〈x-y,Ax-Ay〉+{r_n}^2{\parallel Ax-Ay\parallel }^2\\ \le {\parallel x-y\parallel }^2-r_n(2\alpha -r_n){\parallel Ax-Ay\parallel }^2.\end{array}$$

In view of the restriction (d), we find that $I-r_{n}A$ is nonexpansive. Fixing $p\in F(S)\cap {(A+B)}^{-1}(0)$, we find that

$$\begin{array}{rl}\parallel z_n-p\parallel & \le {\alpha }_n\parallel f(x_n)-p\parallel +(1-{\alpha }_n)\parallel x_n-p\parallel \\ \le (1-{\alpha }_n(1-\beta ))\parallel x_n-p\parallel +{\alpha }_n\parallel f(p)-p\parallel .\end{array}$$

Putting $T_{n}x:={\gamma }_{n}x+(1-{\gamma }_n)Sx$ for each $x\in C$, we see from Lemma 1.5 that $T_n$ is nonexpansive with $F(T_n)=F(S)$ for each $n\ge 0$. It follows that

$$\begin{array}{rl}\parallel x_{n+1}-p\parallel \le & {\beta }_n\parallel x_n-p\parallel +(1-{\beta }_n)\parallel T_n{J}_{r_n}(z_n-r_{n}A{z}_n+e_n)-p\parallel \\ \le & {\beta }_n\parallel x_n-p\parallel +(1-{\beta }_n)\parallel z_n-p\parallel +(1-{\beta }_n)\parallel e_n\parallel \\ \le & {\beta }_n\parallel x_n-p\parallel +(1-{\alpha }_n(1-\beta ))(1-{\beta }_n)\parallel x_n-p\parallel \\ +{\alpha }_n(1-{\beta }_n)\parallel f(p)-p\parallel +\parallel e_n\parallel \\ \le & (1-{\alpha }_n(1-\beta )(1-{\beta }_n))\parallel x_n-p\parallel +{\alpha }_n(1-{\beta }_n)\parallel f(p)-p\parallel +\parallel e_n\parallel \\ \le & max\{\parallel x_n-p\parallel ,\frac{\parallel f(p)-p\parallel }{1-\beta }\}+\parallel e_n\parallel \\ \le & max\{\parallel x_{n-1}-p\parallel ,\frac{\parallel f(p)-p\parallel }{1-\beta }\}+\parallel e_{n-1}\parallel +\parallel e_n\parallel \\ ⋮\\ \le & max\{\parallel x_0-p\parallel ,\frac{\parallel f(p)-p\parallel }{1-\beta }\}+\sum _{i=0}^n\parallel e_i\parallel \\ \le & max\{\parallel x_0-p\parallel ,\frac{\parallel f(p)-p\parallel }{1-\beta }\}+\sum _{i=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\parallel e_i\parallel <\mathrm{\infty }.\end{array}$$

This proves that the sequence $\{x_n\}$ is bounded, so are $\{y_n\}$ and $\{z_n\}$. Notice that

$$\parallel z_n-z_{n-1}\parallel \le (1-{\alpha }_n(1-\beta ))\parallel x_n-x_{n-1}\parallel +|{\alpha }_n-{\alpha }_{n-1}|\parallel f(x_{n-1})-x_{n-1}\parallel .$$

Putting ${\rho }_n=z_n-r_{n}A{z}_n+e_n$, we find that

$$\begin{array}{rl}\parallel {\rho }_n-{\rho }_{n-1}\parallel \le & \parallel z_n-z_{n-1}\parallel +\parallel r_n-r_{n-1}\parallel \parallel A{z}_{n-1}\parallel +\parallel e_n\parallel +\parallel e_{n-1}\parallel \\ \le & (1-{\alpha }_n(1-\beta ))\parallel x_n-x_{n-1}\parallel +|{\alpha }_n-{\alpha }_{n-1}|\parallel f(x_{n-1})-x_{n-1}\parallel \\ +|r_n-r_{n-1}|\parallel A{z}_{n-1}\parallel +\parallel e_n\parallel +\parallel e_{n-1}\parallel .\end{array}$$

It follows from Lemma 1.2 that

$$\begin{array}{rl}\parallel y_n-y_{n-1}\parallel & =\parallel J_{r_{n-1}}(\frac{r_{n-1}}{r_n}{\rho }_n+(1-\frac{r_{n-1}}{r_n})J_{r_n}{\rho }_n)-J_{r_{n-1}}{\rho }_{n-1}\parallel \\ \le \parallel \frac{r_{n-1}}{r_n}({\rho }_n-{\rho }_{n-1})+(1-\frac{r_{n-1}}{r_n})(J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-{\rho }_{n-1})\parallel \\ \le \parallel ({\rho }_n-{\rho }_{n-1})+(1-\frac{r_{n-1}}{r_n})(J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-{\rho }_n)\parallel \\ \le \parallel {\rho }_n-{\rho }_{n-1}\parallel +\frac{|r_n-r_{n-1}|}{b}\parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-{\rho }_n\parallel \\ \le (1-{\alpha }_n(1-\beta ))\parallel x_n-x_{n-1}\parallel +f_n\\ \le \parallel x_n-x_{n-1}\parallel +f_n,\end{array}$$

where

$$f_n=|{\alpha }_n-{\alpha }_{n-1}|\parallel f(x_{n-1})-x_{n-1}\parallel +|r_n-r_{n-1}|(\parallel A{z}_{n-1}\parallel +\frac{\parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-{\rho }_n\parallel }{b})+\parallel e_n\parallel +\parallel e_{n-1}\parallel .$$

This implies that

$$\begin{array}{rl}\parallel T_n{y}_n-T_{n-1}{y}_{n-1}\parallel & \le \parallel T_n{y}_n-T_n{y}_{n-1}\parallel +\parallel T_n{y}_{n-1}-T_{n-1}{y}_{n-1}\parallel \\ \le \parallel x_n-x_{n-1}\parallel +f_n+|{\gamma }_n-{\gamma }_{n-1}|\parallel S{y}_{n-1}-y_{n-1}\parallel .\end{array}$$

In view of the restrictions (a), (c), (d), and (e), we find that

$$\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim\hspace{0.17em}sup}(\parallel T_n{y}_n-T_{n-1}{y}_{n-1}\parallel -\parallel x_n-x_{n-1}\parallel )\le 0.$$

It follows from Lemma 1.3 that

$$\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim}\parallel T_n{y}_n-x_n\parallel =0.$$

(2.1)

This in turn implies that

$$\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim}\parallel x_{n+1}-x_n\parallel =0.$$

(2.2)

Notice that

$$\begin{array}{rl}{\parallel x_{n+1}-p\parallel }^2\le & {\beta }_n{\parallel x_n-p\parallel }^2+(1-{\beta }_n){\parallel T_n{J}_{r_n}{\rho }_n-p\parallel }^2\\ \le & {\beta }_n{\parallel x_n-p\parallel }^2+(1-{\beta }_n){\parallel J_{r_n}(z_n-r_{n}A{z}_n+e_n)-p\parallel }^2\\ \le & {\beta }_n{\parallel x_n-p\parallel }^2+(1-{\beta }_n){\parallel (z_n-r_{n}A{z}_n)-(I-r_{n}A)p\parallel }^2\\ +\parallel e_n\parallel (\parallel e_n\parallel +2\parallel (z_n-r_{n}A{z}_n)-(I-r_{n}A)p\parallel )\\ \le & {\beta }_n{\parallel x_n-p\parallel }^2+(1-{\beta }_n){\parallel z_n-p\parallel }^2-r_n(1-{\beta }_n)(2\alpha -r_n){\parallel A{z}_n-Ap\parallel }^2\\ +\parallel e_n\parallel (\parallel e_n\parallel +2\parallel (z_n-r_{n}A{z}_n)-(I-r_{n}A)p\parallel )\\ \le & {\beta }_n{\parallel x_n-p\parallel }^2+{\alpha }_n(1-{\beta }_n){\parallel f(x_n)-p\parallel }^2+(1-{\beta }_n)(1-{\alpha }_n){\parallel x_n-p\parallel }^2\\ -r_n(1-{\beta }_n)(2\alpha -r_n){\parallel A{z}_n-Ap\parallel }^2+g_n,\end{array}$$

where $g_n=\parallel e_n\parallel (\parallel e_n\parallel +2\parallel (z_n-r_{n}A{z}_n)-(I-r_{n}A)p\parallel )$. It follows that

$$\begin{array}{r}{r}_n(1-{\beta }_n)(2\alpha -r_n){\parallel A{z}_n-Ap\parallel }^2\\ \le {\parallel x_n-p\parallel }^2-{\parallel x_{n+1}-p\parallel }^2+{\alpha }_n(1-{\beta }_n){\parallel f(x_n)-p\parallel }^2+g_n\\ \le (\parallel x_n-p\parallel +\parallel x_{n+1}-p\parallel )\parallel x_{n+1}-x_n\parallel +{\alpha }_n{\parallel f(x_n)-p\parallel }^2+g_n.\end{array}$$

In view of the restrictions (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e), we find from (2.2) that

$$\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim}\parallel A{z}_n-Ap\parallel =0.$$

(2.3)

Since $J_{r_n}$ is firmly nonexpansive, we find that

$$\begin{array}{rl}{\parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-p\parallel }^2\le & 〈J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-p,(z_n-r_{n}A{z}_n+e_n)-(p-r_{n}Ap)〉\\ =& \frac{1}{2}({\parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-p\parallel }^2+{\parallel (z_n-r_{n}A{z}_n+e_n)-(p-r_{n}Ap)\parallel }^2\\ -{\parallel (J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-p)-((z_n-r_{n}A{z}_n+e_n)-(p-r_{n}Ap))\parallel }^2)\\ \le & \frac{1}{2}({\parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-p\parallel }^2+{\parallel (I-r_{n}A)z_n-(I-r_{n}A)p\parallel }^2+g_n\\ -{\parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-z_n-e_n+r_{n}A{z}_n-r_{n}Ap\parallel }^2)\\ \le & \frac{1}{2}({\parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-p\parallel }^2+{\parallel z_n-p\parallel }^2+g_n-{\parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-z_n-e_n\parallel }^2\\ -{\parallel r_{n}A{z}_n-r_{n}Ap\parallel }^2+2r_n\parallel A{z}_n-Ap\parallel \parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-z_n-e_n\parallel ).\end{array}$$

It follows that

$$\begin{array}{rl}{\parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-p\parallel }^2\le & {\parallel z_n-p\parallel }^2+g_n-{\parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-z_n-e_n\parallel }^2\\ -{\parallel r_{n}A{z}_n-r_{n}Ap\parallel }^2+2\parallel e_n\parallel \parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-z_n+r_{n}A{z}_n-r_{n}Ap\parallel \\ \le & {\alpha }_n{\parallel f(x_n)-p\parallel }^2+(1-{\alpha }_n){\parallel x_n-p\parallel }^2+g_n-{\parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-z_n-e_n\parallel }^2\\ +2r_n\parallel A{z}_n-Ap\parallel \parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-z_n-e_n\parallel .\end{array}$$

This implies that

$$\begin{array}{rl}{\parallel x_{n+1}-p\parallel }^2\le & {\beta }_n{\parallel x_n-p\parallel }^2+(1-{\beta }_n){\parallel T_n{J}_{r_n}{\rho }_n-p\parallel }^2\\ \le & {\beta }_n{\parallel x_n-p\parallel }^2+(1-{\beta }_n){\parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-p\parallel }^2\\ \le & {\parallel x_n-p\parallel }^2+{\alpha }_n{\parallel f(x_n)-p\parallel }^2+g_n-(1-{\beta }_n){\parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-z_n-e_n\parallel }^2\\ +2r_n\parallel A{z}_n-Ap\parallel \parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-z_n-e_n\parallel .\end{array}$$

It follows that

$$\begin{array}{rl}(1-{\beta }_n){\parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-z_n-e_n\parallel }^2\le & (\parallel x_n-p\parallel +\parallel x_{n+1}-p\parallel )\parallel x_n-x_{n+1}\parallel +{\alpha }_n{\parallel f(x_n)-p\parallel }^2\\ +g_n+2r_n\parallel A{z}_n-Ap\parallel \parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-z_n-e_n\parallel .\end{array}$$

In view of the restrictions (a), (b), and (e), we find from (2.2) and (2.3) that ${lim}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}\parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-z_n-e_n\parallel =0$. This in turn implies that

$$\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim}\parallel J_{r_n}{\rho }_n-z_n\parallel =0.$$

(2.4)

Notice that

$$\begin{array}{rl}\parallel y_n-x_n\parallel & \le \parallel y_n-z_n\parallel +\parallel z_n-x_n\parallel \\ \le \parallel y_n-z_n\parallel +{\alpha }_n\parallel f(x_n)-x_n\parallel .\end{array}$$

It follows from (2.4) that

$$\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim}\parallel y_n-x_n\parallel =0.$$

(2.5)

On the other hand, we have

$$\begin{array}{rl}\parallel T_n{x}_n-x_n\parallel \le & \parallel ({\gamma }_n{x}_n+(1-{\gamma }_n)S{x}_n)-({\gamma }_n{y}_n+(1-{\gamma }_n)S{y}_n)\parallel \\ +\parallel ({\gamma }_n{y}_n+(1-{\gamma }_n)S{y}_n)-x_n\parallel \\ \le & {\gamma }_n\parallel y_n-x_n\parallel +(1-{\gamma }_n)\parallel S{y}_n-S{x}_n\parallel +\parallel T_n{y}_n-x_n\parallel .\end{array}$$

Since S is Lipschitz continuous, we find from (2.1) and (2.5) that

$$\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim}\parallel T_n{x}_n-x_n\parallel =0.$$

(2.6)

Notice that

$$\begin{array}{rl}\parallel S{y}_n-y_n\parallel & \le \parallel S{y}_n-T_n{y}_n\parallel +\parallel T_n{y}_n-T_n{x}_n\parallel +\parallel T_n{x}_n-x_n\parallel +\parallel x_n-y_n\parallel \\ \le {\gamma }_n\parallel y_n-S{y}_n\parallel +2\parallel y_n-x_n\parallel +\parallel T_n{x}_n-x_n\parallel .\end{array}$$

That is,

$$(1-{\gamma }_n)\parallel S{y}_n-y_n\parallel \le 2\parallel y_n-x_n\parallel +\parallel T_n{x}_n-x_n\parallel .$$

In view of (2.5) and (2.6), we find from the restriction (c) that

$$\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim}\parallel S{y}_n-y_n\parallel =0.$$

(2.7)

Since ${Proj}_{F(S)\cap {(A+B)}^{-1}(0)}f$ is contractive, we see that there exists a unique fixed point, say $\overline{x}$. Next, we show that ${lim\hspace{0.17em}sup}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}〈f(\overline{x})-\overline{x},z_n-\overline{x}〉\le 0$. To show it, we can choose a subsequence $\{z_{n_i}\}$ of $\{z_n\}$ such that

$$\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim\hspace{0.17em}sup}〈f(\overline{x})-\overline{x},z_n-\overline{x}〉=\underset{i\to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim}〈f(\overline{x})-\overline{x},z_{n_i}-\overline{x}〉.$$

Since $\{z_{n_i}\}$ is bounded, we can choose a subsequence $\{z_{n_{i_j}}\}$ of $\{z_{n_i}\}$ which converges weakly to some point x. We may assume, without loss of generality, that $z_{n_i}$ converges weakly to x. In view of (2.4), we find that $y_{n_i}$ also converges weakly to x. It follows from Lemma 1.5 that $x\in F(S)$.

Now, we are in a position to show that $x\in {(A+B)}^{-1}(0)$. Notice that $y_n=J_{r_n}(z_n-r_{n}A{z}_n+e_n)$. It follows that

$$z_n-r_{n}A{z}_n+e_n\in (I+r_{n}B)y_n.$$

That is,

$$\frac{z_n-y_n}{r_n}-A{z}_n+e_n\in B{y}_n.$$

Since B is monotone, we get, for any $(\mu ,\nu )\in B$,

$$〈y_n-\mu ,\frac{z_n-y_n}{r_n}-A{z}_n+e_n-\nu 〉\ge 0.$$

Replacing n by $n_i$ and letting $i\to \mathrm{\infty }$, we obtain from (2.4) that

$$〈x-\mu ,-Ax-\nu 〉\ge 0.$$

This gives $-Ax\in Bx$, that is, $0\in (A+B)(x)$. This proves that $x\in {(A+B)}^{-1}(0)$. This complete the proof that $x\in F(S)\cap {(A+B)}^{-1}(0)$. It follows that

$$\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim\hspace{0.17em}sup}〈f(\overline{x})-\overline{x},z_n-\overline{x}〉\le 0.$$

Finally, we show that $x_n\to \overline{x}$. Notice that

$$\begin{array}{rl}{\parallel z_n-\overline{x}\parallel }^2\le & {\alpha }_n〈f(x_n)-\overline{x},z_n-\overline{x}〉+(1-{\alpha }_n)\parallel x_n-\overline{x}\parallel \parallel z_n-\overline{x}\parallel \\ \le & {\alpha }_n\parallel f(x_n)-f(\overline{x})\parallel \parallel z_n-\overline{x}\parallel +{\alpha }_n〈f(\overline{x})-\overline{x},z_n-\overline{x}〉\\ +(1-{\alpha }_n)\parallel x_n-\overline{x}\parallel \parallel z_n-\overline{x}\parallel \\ \le & \frac{1-{\alpha }_n(1-\beta )}{2}({\parallel x_n-\overline{x}\parallel }^2+{\parallel z_n-\overline{x}\parallel }^2)+{\alpha }_n〈f(\overline{x})-\overline{x},z_n-\overline{x}〉.\end{array}$$

This implies that

$${\parallel z_n-\overline{x}\parallel }^2\le (1-{\alpha }_n(1-\beta )){\parallel x_n-\overline{x}\parallel }^2+2{\alpha }_n〈f(\overline{x})-\overline{x},z_n-\overline{x}〉.$$

It follows that

$$\begin{array}{rl}{\parallel y_n-\overline{x}\parallel }^2\le & {\parallel (z_n-r_{n}A{z}_n)-(\overline{x}-r_{n}A\overline{x})+e_n\parallel }^2\\ \le & {\parallel (z_n-r_{n}A{z}_n)-(\overline{x}-r_{n}A\overline{x})\parallel }^2+{\parallel e_n\parallel }^2\\ +2\parallel e_n\parallel \parallel (z_n-r_{n}A{z}_n)-(\overline{x}-r_{n}A\overline{x})\parallel \\ \le & {\parallel z_n-\overline{x}\parallel }^2+h_n\\ \le & (1-{\alpha }_n(1-\beta )){\parallel x_n-\overline{x}\parallel }^2+2{\alpha }_n〈f(\overline{x})-\overline{x},z_n-\overline{x}〉+h_n,\end{array}$$

(2.8)

where $h_n=\parallel e_n\parallel (\parallel e_n\parallel +2\parallel (z_n-r_{n}A{z}_n)-(I-r_{n}A)\overline{x}\parallel )$. It follows from (2.8) that

$$\begin{array}{rl}{\parallel x_{n+1}-\overline{x}\parallel }^2\le & {\beta }_n{\parallel x_n-\overline{x}\parallel }^2+(1-{\beta }_n){\parallel T_n{y}_n-\overline{x}\parallel }^2\\ \le & {\beta }_n{\parallel x_n-\overline{x}\parallel }^2+(1-{\beta }_n){\parallel y_n-\overline{x}\parallel }^2\\ \le & (1-{\alpha }_n(1-{\beta }_n)(1-\beta )){\parallel x_n-\overline{x}\parallel }^2\\ +2{\alpha }_n(1-{\beta }_n)〈f(\overline{x})-\overline{x},z_n-\overline{x}〉+h_n.\end{array}$$

In view of the restriction (a), (b), and (e), we find from Lemma 1.4 that $x_n\to \overline{x}$. This completes the proof. □

If S is nonexpansive and ${\gamma }_n\equiv 0$, then we have the following result immediately.

Corollary 2.2 Let $A:C\to H$ be an α-inverse-strongly monotone mapping and let B be a maximal monotone operator on H. Let $S:C\to C$ be a nonexpansive mapping and let $f:C\to C$ be a contractive mapping with the constant $\beta \in [0,1)$. Assume that $Dom(B)\subset C$ and $F(S)\cap {(A+B)}^{-1}(0)$ is not empty. Let $J_{r_n}={(I+r_{n}B)}^{-1}$ and let $\{x_n\}$ be a sequence generated in the following process: $x_0\in C$ and

$$\{\begin{array}{c}{y}_n={\alpha }_{n}f(x_n)+(1-{\alpha }_n)x_n,\hfill \\ x_{n+1}={\beta }_n{x}_n+(1-{\beta }_n)S{J}_{r_n}(y_n-r_{n}A{y}_n+e_n),\mathrm{\forall }n\ge 0,\hfill \end{array}$$

where $\{{\alpha }_n\}$ and $\{{\beta }_n\}$ are real number sequences in $(0,1)$ and $\{r_n\}$ is a positive real number sequence in $(0,2\alpha )$. Assume that the control sequences satisfy the following restrictions:

• (a) ${lim}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n=0$, ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n=\mathrm{\infty }$;

• (b) $0<{lim\hspace{0.17em}inf}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_n\le {lim\hspace{0.17em}sup}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_n<1$;

• (c) $0<b\le r_n\le c<2\alpha$ and ${\sum }_{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}|r_n-r_{n-1}|<\mathrm{\infty }$;

• (d) ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\parallel e_n\parallel <\mathrm{\infty }$,

where b and c are two real numbers. Then $\{x_n\}$ converges strongly to a point $\overline{x}\in F(S)\cap {(A+B)}^{-1}(0)$, where $\overline{x}={Proj}_{F(S)\cap {(A+B)}^{-1}(0)}f(\overline{x})$.

3 Applications

Many nonlinear problems arising in applied areas such as image recovery, signal processing, and machine learning are mathematically modeled as a nonlinear operator equation and this operator is decomposed as the sum of two nonlinear operators. The central problem is to iteratively find a zero point of the sum of two monotone operators, that is,

$$0\in (A+B)(x).$$

Many real word problems can be formulated as a problem of the above form. For instance, a stationary solution to the initial value problem of the evolution equation

$$\{\begin{array}{c}0\in Fu+\frac{\partial u}{\partial t},\hfill \\ u_0=u(0)\hfill \end{array}$$

can be recast as the inclusion problem when the governing maximal monotone F is of the form $F=A+B$; for more details, see [41] and the references therein.

First, we give the following result.

Theorem 3.1 Let $A:C\to H$ be an α-inverse-strongly monotone mapping and let B be a maximal monotone operator on H. Let $f:C\to C$ be a contractive mapping with the constant $\beta \in [0,1)$. Assume that $Dom(B)\subset C$ and ${(A+B)}^{-1}(0)$ is not empty. Let $J_{r_n}={(I+r_{n}B)}^{-1}$ and let $\{x_n\}$ be a sequence generated in the following process: $x_0\in C$ and

$$\{\begin{array}{c}{y}_n={\alpha }_{n}f(x_n)+(1-{\alpha }_n)x_n,\hfill \\ x_{n+1}={\beta }_n{x}_n+(1-{\beta }_n)J_{r_n}(y_n-r_{n}A{y}_n+e_n),\mathrm{\forall }n\ge 0,\hfill \end{array}$$

where $\{{\alpha }_n\}$ and $\{{\beta }_n\}$ are real number sequences in $(0,1)$ and $\{r_n\}$ is a positive real number sequence in $(0,2\alpha )$. Assume that the control sequences satisfy the following restrictions:

• (a) ${lim}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n=0$, ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n=\mathrm{\infty }$;

• (b) $0<{lim\hspace{0.17em}inf}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_n\le {lim\hspace{0.17em}sup}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_n<1$;

• (c) $0<b\le r_n\le c<2\alpha$ and ${\sum }_{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}|r_n-r_{n-1}|<\mathrm{\infty }$;

• (d) ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\parallel e_n\parallel <\mathrm{\infty }$,

where b and c are two real numbers. Then $\{x_n\}$ converges strongly to a point $\overline{x}\in {(A+B)}^{-1}(0)$, where $\overline{x}={Proj}_{{(A+B)}^{-1}(0)}f(\overline{x})$.

Proof Put $S=I$, the identity on H. The desired conclusion can be obtained immediately.

Let H be a Hilbert space and $f:H\to (-\mathrm{\infty },+\mathrm{\infty }]$ a proper convex lower semicontinuous function. Then the subdifferential ∂f of f is defined as follows:

$$\partial f(x)=\{y\in H:f(z)\ge f(x)+〈z-x,y〉,z\in H\},\mathrm{\forall }x\in H.$$

From Rockafellar [16], we know that ∂f is maximal monotone. It is easy to verify that $0\in \partial f(x)$ if and only if $f(x)={min}_{y\in H}f(y)$. Let $I_C$ be the indicator function of C, i.e.,

$$I_C(x)=\{\begin{array}{cc}0,\hfill & x\in C,\hfill \\ +\mathrm{\infty },\hfill & x\notin C.\hfill \end{array}$$

(3.1)

Since $I_C$ is a proper lower semicontinuous convex function on H, we see that the subdifferential $\partial I_C$ of $I_C$ is a maximal monotone operator. Then $y={(I+\lambda \partial I_C)}^{-1}x⟺y={Proj}_{C}x$, $\mathrm{\forall }x\in H$, $y\in C$. □

Theorem 3.2 Let $A:C\to H$ be an α-inverse-strongly monotone mapping. Let $S:C\to C$ be a strictly pseudocontractive mapping with the constant $\kappa \in [0,1)$ and let $f:C\to C$ be a contractive mapping with the constant $\beta \in [0,1)$. Assume that $F(S)\cap VI(C,A)$ is not empty. Let $\{x_n\}$ be a sequence generated in the following process: $x_0\in C$ and

$$\{\begin{array}{c}{z}_n={\alpha }_{n}f(x_n)+(1-{\alpha }_n)x_n,\hfill \\ y_n={Proj}_C(z_n-r_{n}A{z}_n+e_n),\hfill \\ x_{n+1}={\beta }_n{x}_n+(1-{\beta }_n)({\gamma }_n{y}_n+(1-{\gamma }_n)S{y}_n),\mathrm{\forall }n\ge 0,\hfill \end{array}$$

where $\{{\alpha }_n\}$, $\{{\beta }_n\}$ and $\{{\gamma }_n\}$ are real number sequences in $(0,1)$ and $\{r_n\}$ is a positive real number sequence in $(0,2\alpha )$. Assume that the control sequences satisfy the following restrictions:

• (a) ${lim}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n=0$, ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n=\mathrm{\infty }$;

• (b) $0<{lim\hspace{0.17em}inf}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_n\le {lim\hspace{0.17em}sup}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_n<1$;

• (c) $\kappa \le {\gamma }_n\le a<1$, ${lim}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}|{\gamma }_{n+1}-{\gamma }_n|=0$;

• (d) $0<b\le r_n\le c<2\alpha$ and ${\sum }_{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}|r_n-r_{n-1}|<\mathrm{\infty }$;

• (e) ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\parallel e_n\parallel <\mathrm{\infty }$,

where a, b, and c are three real numbers. Then $\{x_n\}$ converges strongly to a point $\overline{x}\in F(S)\cap {(A+B)}^{-1}(0)$, where $\overline{x}={Proj}_{F(S)\cap {(A+B)}^{-1}(0)}f(\overline{x})$.

Proof Put $Bx=\partial I_C$. Next, we show that $VI(C,A)={(A+\partial I_C)}^{-1}(0)$. Notice that

$$\begin{array}{rl}x\in {(A+\partial I_C)}^{-1}(0)& ⟺0\in Ax+\partial I_{C}x\\ ⟺-Ax\in \partial I_{C}x\\ ⟺〈Ax,y-x〉\ge 0\\ ⟺x\in VI(C,A).\end{array}$$

We can conclude the desired conclusion immediately. □

If $S=I$, the identity on H, then we find from Theorem 3.1 the following result immediately.

Corollary 3.3 Let $A:C\to H$ be an α-inverse-strongly monotone mapping. Let $S:C\to C$ be a strictly pseudocontractive mapping with the constant $\kappa \in [0,1)$ and let $f:C\to C$ be a contractive mapping with the constant $\beta \in [0,1)$. Assume that $F(S)\cap VI(C,A)$ is not empty. Let $\{x_n\}$ be a sequence generated in the following process: $x_0\in C$ and

$$\{\begin{array}{c}{y}_n={\alpha }_{n}f(x_n)+(1-{\alpha }_n)x_n,\hfill \\ x_{n+1}={\beta }_n{x}_n+(1-{\beta }_n){Proj}_C(y_n-r_{n}A{y}_n+e_n),\mathrm{\forall }n\ge 0,\hfill \end{array}$$

where $\{{\alpha }_n\}$ and $\{{\beta }_n\}$ are real number sequences in $(0,1)$ and $\{r_n\}$ is a positive real number sequence in $(0,2\alpha )$. Assume that the control sequences satisfy the following restrictions:

• (a) ${lim}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n=0$, ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n=\mathrm{\infty }$;

• (b) $0<{lim\hspace{0.17em}inf}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_n\le {lim\hspace{0.17em}sup}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_n<1$;

• (c) $0<b\le r_n\le c<2\alpha$ and ${\sum }_{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}|r_n-r_{n-1}|<\mathrm{\infty }$;

• (d) ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\parallel e_n\parallel <\mathrm{\infty }$,

where b and c are three real numbers. Then $\{x_n\}$ converges strongly to a point $\overline{x}\in VI(C,A)$, where $\overline{x}={Proj}_{VI(C,A)}f(\overline{x})$.

Let F be a bifunction of $C\times C$ into ℝ, where ℝ denotes the set of real numbers. Recall the following equilibrium problem:

$$\text{Find }x\in C\text{ such that }F(x,y)\ge 0,\mathrm{\forall }y\in C.$$

(3.2)

In this paper, we use $EP(F)$ to denote the solution set of the equilibrium problem (3.2).

To study the equilibrium problems (3.2), we may assume that F satisfies the following conditions:

(A1) $F(x,x)=0$ for all $x\in C$;

(A2) F is monotone, i.e., $F(x,y)+F(y,x)\le 0$ for all $x,y\in C$;

(A3) for each $x,y,z\in C$,

$$\underset{t\downarrow 0}{lim\hspace{0.17em}sup}F(tz+(1-t)x,y)\le F(x,y);$$

(A4) for each $x\in C$, $y\mapsto F(x,y)$ is convex and weakly lower semicontinuous.

Putting $F(x,y)=〈Ax,y-x〉$ for every $x,y\in C$, we see that the equilibrium problem (3.2) is reduced to a variational inequality.

Lemma 3.4 [42, 43]

Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of H and let $F:C\times C\to \mathbb{R}$ be a bifunction satisfying (A1)-(A4). Then, for any $r>0$ and $x\in H$, there exists $z\in C$ such that

$$F(z,y)+\frac{1}{r}〈y-z,z-x〉\ge 0,\mathrm{\forall }y\in C.$$

Further, define

$$T_{r}x=\{z\in C:F(z,y)+\frac{1}{r}〈y-z,z-x〉\ge 0,\mathrm{\forall }y\in C\}$$

(3.3)

for all $r>0$ and $x\in H$. Then, the following hold:

• (a) $T_r$ is single-valued;

• (b) $T_r$ is firmly nonexpansive, i.e., for any $x,y\in H$,

  $${\parallel T_{r}x-T_{r}y\parallel }^2\le 〈T_{r}x-T_{r}y,x-y〉;$$

• (c) $F(T_r)=EP(F)$;

• (d) $EP(F)$ is closed and convex.

Lemma 3.5 [44]

Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a real Hilbert space H, F a bifunction from $C\times C$ to ℝ which satisfies (A1)-(A4) and $A_F$ a multivalued mapping of H into itself defined by

$$A_{F}x=\{\begin{array}{cc}\{z\in H:F(x,y)\ge 〈y-x,z〉,\mathrm{\forall }y\in C\},\hfill & x\in C,\hfill \\ \mathrm{\varnothing },\hfill & x\notin C.\hfill \end{array}$$

(3.4)

Then $A_F$ is a maximal monotone operator with the domain $D(A_F)\subset C$, $EP(F)=A_F^{-1}(0)$ and

$$T_{r}x={(I+r{A}_F)}^{-1}x,\mathrm{\forall }x\in H,r>0,$$

where $T_r$ is defined as in (3.3).

Theorem 3.6 Let $A:C\to H$ be an α-inverse-strongly monotone mapping and let $F_B$ be a bifunction from $C\times C$ to ℝ which satisfies (A1)-(A4). Let $S:C\to C$ be a strictly pseudocontractive mapping with the constant $\kappa \in [0,1)$ and let $f:C\to C$ be a contractive mapping with the constant $\beta \in [0,1)$. Assume that $F(S)\cap EP(F)$ is not empty. Let $\{x_n\}$ be a sequence generated in the following process: $x_0\in C$ and

$$\{\begin{array}{c}{z}_n={\alpha }_{n}f(x_n)+(1-{\alpha }_n)x_n,\hfill \\ y_n=T_{r_n}(z_n-r_{n}A{z}_n+e_n),\hfill \\ x_{n+1}={\beta }_n{x}_n+(1-{\beta }_n)({\gamma }_n{y}_n+(1-{\gamma }_n)S{y}_n),\mathrm{\forall }n\ge 0,\hfill \end{array}$$

where $\{{\alpha }_n\}$, $\{{\beta }_n\}$, and $\{{\gamma }_n\}$ are real number sequences in $(0,1)$ and $\{r_n\}$ is a positive real number sequence in $(0,2\alpha )$. Assume that the control sequences satisfy the following restrictions:

• (a) ${lim}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n=0$, ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n=\mathrm{\infty }$;

• (b) $0<{lim\hspace{0.17em}inf}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_n\le {lim\hspace{0.17em}sup}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_n<1$;

• (c) $\kappa \le {\gamma }_n\le a<1$, ${lim}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}|{\gamma }_{n+1}-{\gamma }_n|=0$;

• (d) $0<b\le r_n\le c<2\alpha$ and ${\sum }_{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}|r_n-r_{n-1}|<\mathrm{\infty }$;

• (e) ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\parallel e_n\parallel <\mathrm{\infty }$,

where a, b, and c are three real numbers. Then $\{x_n\}$ converges strongly to a point $\overline{x}\in F(S)\cap EP(F)$, where $\overline{x}={Proj}_{F(S)\cap EP(F)}f(\overline{x})$.

If $S=I$, the identity on H, then we find from Theorem 3.6 the following result on the equilibrium problem immediately.

Corollary 3.7 Let $A:C\to H$ be an α-inverse-strongly monotone mapping and let $F_B$ be a bifunction from $C\times C$ to ℝ which satisfies (A1)-(A4). Let $f:C\to C$ be a contractive mapping with the constant $\beta \in [0,1)$. Assume that $EP(F)$ is not empty. Let $\{x_n\}$ be a sequence generated in the following process: $x_0\in C$ and

$$\{\begin{array}{c}{y}_n={\alpha }_{n}f(x_n)+(1-{\alpha }_n)x_n,\hfill \\ x_{n+1}={\beta }_n{x}_n+(1-{\beta }_n)T_{r_n}(y_n-r_{n}A{y}_n+e_n),\mathrm{\forall }n\ge 0,\hfill \end{array}$$

where $\{{\alpha }_n\}$ and $\{{\beta }_n\}$ are real number sequences in $(0,1)$ and $\{r_n\}$ is a positive real number sequence in $(0,2\alpha )$. Assume that the control sequences satisfy the following restrictions:

• (a) ${lim}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n=0$, ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n=\mathrm{\infty }$;

• (b) $0<{lim\hspace{0.17em}inf}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_n\le {lim\hspace{0.17em}sup}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\beta }_n<1$;

• (c) $0<b\le r_n\le c<2\alpha$ and ${\sum }_{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}|r_n-r_{n-1}|<\mathrm{\infty }$;

• (d) ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\parallel e_n\parallel <\mathrm{\infty }$,

where b and c are two real numbers. Then $\{x_n\}$ converges strongly to a point $\overline{x}\in EP(F)$, where $\overline{x}={Proj}_{EP(F)}f(\overline{x})$.