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Weak convergence theorem for the three-step iterations of non-Lipschitzian nonself mappings in Banach spaces
Fixed Point Theory and Applications volume 2011, Article number: 106 (2011)
Abstract
In this article, we introduce a new three-step iterative scheme for the mappings which are asymptotically nonexpansive in the intermediate sense in Banach spaces. Weak convergence theorem is established for this three-step iterative scheme in a uniformly convex Banach space that satisfies Opial's condition or whose dual space has the Kadec-Klee property. Furthermore, we give an example of the nonself mapping which is asymptotically nonexpansive in the intermediate sense but not asymptotically nonexpansive. The results obtained in this article extend and improve many recent results in this area.
AMS classification: 47H10; 47H09; 46B20.
1 Introduction
Fixed-point iterations process for nonexpansive and asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces have been studied extensively by various authors [1–13]. In 1991, Schu [4] considered the following modified Mann iteration process for an asymptotically nonexpansive map T on C and a sequence {α n } in [0, 1]:
Since then, Schu's iteration process (1.1) has been widely used to approximate fixed points of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in Hilbert spaces or Banach spaces [7, 8, 10–13]. Noor, in 2000, introduced a three-step iterative scheme and studied the approximate solutions of variational inclusion in Hilbert spaces [6]. Later, Xu and Noor [7], Cho et al. [8], Suantai [9], Plubtieng et al. [12] studied the convergence of the three-step iterations for asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in a uniformly convex Banach space which satisfies Opial's condition or whose norm is Fréchet differentiable.
In most of these articles, the operator T remains a self-mapping of a nonempty closed convex subset C of a uniformly convex Banach space X. If, however, the domain of T, D(T), is a proper subset of X (and this is the case in several applications), and T maps D(T) into X, then the iterative sequence {x n } may fail to be well defined. One method that has been used to overcome this is to introduce a retraction P. A subset C of X is said to be retract if there exists continuous mapping P : X → C such that Px = x for all x ∈ C and P is said to be a retraction. Recent results on approximation of fixed points of nonexpansive or asymptotically nonexpansive nonself mappings can be found in [14–19] and the references cited therein. For example, in 2003, Chidume et al. [16] introduced the following modified Mann iteration process and got the convergence theorems for asymptotically nonexpansive nonself-mapping:
Recently, Thianwan [18] generalized the iteration process (1.2) as follows: x1 ∈ C,
Obviously, if β n = 1 for all n ≥ 1, then (1.3) reduces to (1.2). Thianwan [18] proved the weak convergence theorem of the iteration process (1.3) in uniformly convex Banach spaces that satisfy Opial's condition.
The concept of asymptotically nonexpansive in the intermediate sense nonself mappings was introduced by Chidume et al. [20] as an important generalization of asymptotically nonexpansive in the intermediate sense self-mappings.
Definition 1.1 Let C be a nonempty subset of a Banach space X. Let P : X → C be a nonexpansive retraction of X onto C. A nonself mapping T : C → X is called asymptotically nonexpansive in the intermediate sense if T is continuous and the following inequality holds:
It should be noted that in [20–22], the asymptotically nonexpansive in the intermediate sense mapping is required to be uniformly continuous. In this article, we assume the continuity of T instead of uniform continuity. Chidume et al. [20] gave the weak convergence theorem for uniformly continuous nonself mapping which is asymptotically nonexpansive in the intermediate sense in uniformly convex Banach space whose dual space has the Kadec-Klee property.
Inspired and motivated by [16, 18, 20], we investigate the weak convergence theorem of three-step iteration process for continuous nonself mappings which are asymptotically nonexpansive in the intermediate sense in this article. Since the asymptotically nonexpansive in the intermediate sense mappings are non-Lipschitzian and Bruck's Lemma [23] do not extend beyond Lipschitzian mappings, new techniques are needed for this more general case. Utilizing the technique of the modulus of convexity and a new demiclosed principle for nonself-maps of Kazor [24], we establish the weak convergence theorem of the three-step iterative scheme in a uniformly convex Banach space that satisfies Opial's condition or whose dual space has the Kadec-Klee property, which extends and improves the recently announced ones in [4, 16, 18–20]. It should be noted that our theorems are new even in the case that the space has a Fréchet differentiable norm. In the end, to illustrate our theorem, we give a nonself mapping which is asymptotically nonexpansive in the intermediate sense but not asymptotically nonexpansive.
2 Preliminaries
Let X be a Banach space and X* be its dual, then the value of x* ∈ X* at x ∈ X will be denoted by 〈x, x*〉 and we associate the set
It follows from the Hahn-Banach theorem that J(x) ≠∅ for any x ∈ X. Then the multi-valued operator J : X ↦ X* is called the normalized duality mapping of X. Recall that a Banach space X is said to be uniformly convex if for each ε ∈ [0, 2], the modulus of convexity of X defined by
satisfies the inequality δ(ε) > 0 for all ε > 0. Note that every closed convex subset of a uniformly convex Banach space is a retract. We say that X has the Kadec-Klee property if for every sequence {x n } ⊂ X, whenever x n ⇀ x with ||x n || → ||x||, it follows that x n → x. We would like to remark that a reflexive Banach space X with a Fréchet differentiable norm implies that its dual X* has Kadec-Klee property, while the converse implication fails [25].
Recall that a Banach space X is said to satisfies Opial's condition if x n ⇀ x and x ≠y implies that
The following lemmas are needed to prove our main results in next section.
Lemma 2.1 [5] Let the nonnegative number sequences {c n } and {w n } satisfy
If , then exists.
Lemma 2.2 [4] Suppose that X is a uniformly convex Banach space and for all positive integers n, 0 < p ≤ t n ≤ q < 1. If {x n } and {y n } are two sequences of X such that , and
hold for some r ≥ 0. Then .
Lemma 2.3 [3] Let X be a uniformly convex Banach space. If ||x|| ≤ 1, ||y|| ≤ 1 and ||x - y|| ≥ ε > 0, then for all λ ∈ [0, 1],
Lemma 2.4 [26] Let X be a Banach space and J be the normalized duality mapping. Then for given x, y ∈ X and j(x + y) ∈ J(x + y), we have
Lemma 2.5 (Demiclosed principle for nonself-map [24]) Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a uniformly convex Banach space X and T : C → X be a nonself mapping which is continuous and asymptotically nonexpansive in the intermediate sense. If {x n } is a sequence in C converging weakly to x and
then x ∈ F(T), i.e., Tx = x.
3 Main results
Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a uniformly convex Banach space X and P : X → C be a nonexpansive retraction from X onto C. Let T1, T2, T3 : C → X be three continuous nonself mappings which are asymptotically nonexpansive in the intermediate sense. Suppose that
then r n ≥ 0, and for all x, y ∈ C and n ∈ N,
For a given x1 ∈ C, we define the sequence {x n } ⊂ C by
where is in 0[1] with , i = 1, 2, 3.
We also assume that the sequence {r n } satisfies and the set of common fixed points of is nonempty, i.e.,
Lemma 3.1
exists for all f ∈ F.
Proof. For all f ∈ F,
Hence
Thus
Put w n = 3r n , then we can obtain and
By Lemma 2.1, we can conclude that
exists. Combining it with (3.4), we have
Hence by (3.3), we get
This completes the proof.
Lemma 3.2
Proof. By (3.2) and (3.4), we can get
Then it follows from Lemma 2.2 and that
According to (3.3), we have
Noting , by Lemma 2.2 again, we can get
Similarly, we can obtain
Hence, it follows from
that . Also, we can see
and
It follows from (3.5) and (3.6) that
Hence . Thus for any fixed k ∈ N,
Noting (3.7) and
we have , which implies
Combining (3.6) with
we can see . Thus
which implies
Combining (3.5) with
we can see . Thus
which implies
This completes the proof.
Define the operator W n : C → C by
where x ∈ C. Then by (3.1), xn+1= W n x n and for all x, y ∈ C, we have
and
For any f ∈ F, we get W n f = f. Set
then xn+m= Sn,mx n and for all f ∈ F, Sn,mf = f. Note that for any x, y ∈ C,
Lemma 3.3 Let f, g ∈ F and λ ∈ [0, 1], then
exists.
Proof. It follows from Lemma 3.1 that exists. If λ = 0, 1 or r = 0, then the conclusion holds. Assume that r > 0 and λ ∈ (0, 1), then for any ε > 0, there exists d > 0 (d < ε) such that
where δ(·) is the modulus of convexity of the norm. Hence there exists a positive integer n0 such that for all n > n0,
and
Now we claim that for all n > n0,
Otherwise, we can suppose that there are some n > n0 and some m ∈ N such that
Put z = λx n + (1 - λ)f, x = (1 - λ)(Sn,mz - f ), and y = λ(Sn,mx n - Sn,mz), then by (3.8), (3.10), and (3.11), we have
and
So by Lemma 2.3, we get
and then by (3.10),
which contradicts (3.9). Thus we can conclude that for all n > n0,
Hence by (3.11), for all n > n0,
For any fixed n > n0, we can take the limsup for m and obtain
Hence
Since ε > 0 is arbitrary, this implies that
exists. This completes the proof.
Remark 3.1 If the mappings are asymptotically nonexpansive, we can use Bruck's Lemma [23] to prove Lemma 3.3. While Bruck's Lemma is not valid for non-Lipschitzian mappings, we must introduce new technique to establish a similar inequality. In [20], Chidume et al. also proved that exists (Lemma 3.12 in [20]). As we have seen, our proof is completely different from theirs in [20].
Lemma 3.4 If f ∈ ω ω ({x n }) and exists, then
Proof. For any ε > 0, there exists n0 such that for all n ≥ n0,
Then for all n ≥ n0,
Since f ∈ ω ω ({x n }), there exists a subsequence with . Hence and
i.e., ||f - g||2 ≤ ||f - g||(h(λ) + ε). Therefore ||f - g|| ≤ h(λ). This completes the proof.
Now we can prove the weak convergence theorem of the iterative sequence (3.1).
Theorem 3.1 Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of uniformly convex Banach space X which satisfies the Opial's condition or whose dual X* has the Kadec-Klee property. Let P : X → C be a nonexpansive retraction from X onto C. Let T1, T2, T3 : C → X be three asymptotically nonexpansive in the intermediate sense nonself mappings with F ≠∅ and the nonnegative sequence {r n } satisfy . Let {x n } be defined by: x1 ∈ C and
where is in [0, 1] with , i = 1, 2, 3. Then {x n }, {y n }, and {z n } converge weakly to a common fixed point of .
Proof. It suffices to show that {x n } converges weakly to a common fixed point of . To this aim, we only need to prove that the set ω ω ({x n }) is singleton. Since X is reflexive and C is bounded, we obtain ω ω ({x n }) ≠∅. Assume that f, g ∈ ω ω ({x n }), then there exist two subsequences and in {x n } such that and . In the following, we shall show f = g. By Lemmas 2.5 and 3.2, f, g ∈ F. On one hand, if X satisfies the Opial's condition and f ≠g, then by the Lemma 3.1, we get
This contraction implies f = g. On the other hand, if X* has Kadec-Klee property, then from Lemmas 2.4, 3.3, and 3.4, we have
and for all λ ∈ [0, 1],
Hence
Thus for arbitrary k ∈ N, there exists j k ≥ k, {j k } ↑, such that
Obviously . Put
then we may assume that, without loss of generality, j k is weakly convergent to some
point j ∈ X*. Therefore . Noting
and passing the limit for k, we have 〈f - g, j〉 = ||f - g||2. Hence ||j|| ≥ || f - g|| and
which means j = J(f - g). Thus we can conclude j k ⇀ j and ||j k || → ||f - g|| = ||j||. Since X* has Kadec-Klee property, we have j k → j. Taking the limit in (3.12), we get 〈g - f, j〉 ≥ 0, i.e., ||f - g||2 ≤ 0, which implies f = g. This completes the proof.
Remark 3.2 Theorem 3.1 extends the main results in [4, 16, 18, 20] to the case of asymptotically nonexpansive in the intermediate sense mappings and it seems to be new even in the case that the space has a Fr échet differentiable norm.
In the following, we shall give a nonself mapping which is asymptotically nonexpansive in the intermediate sense but not asymptotically nonexpansive.
Example 3.1 Let Δ be the Cantor ternary set. Define the Cantor ternary function
then τ : [0, 1] → [0, 1] is a continuous and increasing but not absolutely continuous function with τ(0) = 0, (see [27]). Since a Lipschitzian function is absolutely continuous, τ is non-Lipschitzian. Define φ: R → R by
It is easy to see that φ is continuous and for all x, y ∈ R, . It also can be verified that the n-fold composition mapping φn is defined by
Since τ is non-Lipschitzian, so is φn and for all x, y ∈ R,
Taking X = R2 with the norm , (x, y) ∈ X and C = R × {0}, we define the nonself mapping T : C → X by
then T is continuous and (0, 0) is a fixed point of T. Define P : X → C by
then P is a nonexpansive retraction from X onto C. Hence for all (x, 0), (y, 0) ∈ C,
which means T(PT)n-1is is non-Lipschitzian and
Therefore, we can conclude that T is asymptotically nonexpansive in the intermediate sense but not an asymptotically nonexpansive.
If T1, T2, and T3 are nonexpansive, we can prove the following theorem.
Theorem 3.2 Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of uniformly convex Banach space X which satisfies the Opial's condition or whose dual has the Kadec-Klee property. Let P : X → C be a nonexpansive retraction from X onto C. Let T1, T2, T3 : C → X be three nonexpansive nonself mappings and {x n } be defined by: x1 ∈ C and
where is in 0[1] with , i = 1, 2, 3. Then {x n }, {y n } and {z n } converge weakly to a common fixed point of .
Remark 3.3 We would like to remark that if the so-called error terms are added in our recursion formula and are assumed to be bounded, then the results of this article still hold. Thus we can get the main results in [19].
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Acknowledgements
This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10971182), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK2009179 and BK2010309), the Tianyuan Youth Foundation (11026115), the Jiangsu Government Scholarship for Overseas Studies, the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Education Committee (09KJB110010 and 10KJB110012) and the Natural Science Foundation of Yangzhou University.
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Zhu, L., Huang, Q. & Chen, X. Weak convergence theorem for the three-step iterations of non-Lipschitzian nonself mappings in Banach spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2011, 106 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2011-106
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2011-106