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Erratum to: Fixed point theorems of contractive mappings in cone b-metric spacesand applications

The Original Article was published on 26 April 2013

Correction

In this note we correct some errors that appeared in the article (Huang and Xu in FixedPoint Theory Appl. 2013:112, 2013) by modifying some conditions in the main theorems andexamples.

After examining the proofs of the main results in [1], we can find that there is something wrong with the proof of the Cauchy sequencein [[1], Theorem 2.1]. This leads to subsequent errors in Theorem 2.3 andrelated examples in [1]. We also find that it is not rigorous to use the corresponding lemmas, and so theproof is inaccurate. The detailed reasons are given in the following.

On p.5 in [1], we conclude that

s p λ m + 1 s − λ d( x 1 , x 0 )+ s p − 1 λ m d( x 1 , x 0 )→θ

as m→∞ for any p≥1. This is incorrect. Indeed, note that takingλ= 1 s > 1 s and p=m+1 leads to

s p λ m + 1 s − λ d( x 1 , x 0 )+ s p − 1 λ m d( x 1 , x 0 )= s m + 2 2 s 3 2 − 1 d( x 1 , x 0 )+ s m 2 d( x 1 , x 0 )↛θ

as m→∞. Therefore, it is impossible to utilize [[1], Lemma 1.8, 1.9] and demonstrate that { x n } is a Cauchy sequence.

In this note, we would like to slightly modify only one of the used conditions to achieveour claim.

The following theorem is a modification to [[1], Theorem 2.1]. The proof is the same as that in [1] except the proof of the Cauchy sequence. We will attain the desired goal by usingthe new modified condition λ∈[0, 1 s ) instead of λ∈[0,1).

Theorem 2.1 Let (X,d) be a complete cone b-metric space with the coefficient s≥1. Suppose that the mapping T:X→X satisfies the contractive condition

d(Tx,Ty)≤λd(x,y)for x,y∈X,

where λ∈[0, 1 s ) is a constant. Then T has a unique fixed point in X. Furthermore, the iterative sequence { T n x} converges to the fixed point.

Proof In order to show that { x n } is a Cauchy sequence, we only need the following calculations.For any m≥1, p≥1, it follows that

d ( x m , x m + p ) ≤ s [ d ( x m , x m + 1 ) + d ( x m + 1 , x m + p ) ] ≤ s d ( x m , x m + 1 ) + s 2 [ d ( x m + 1 , x m + 2 ) + d ( x m + 2 , x m + p ) ] ≤ s d ( x m , x m + 1 ) + s 2 d ( x m + 1 , x m + 2 ) + s 3 d ( x m + 2 , x m + 3 ) + ⋯ + s p − 1 d ( x m + p − 2 , x m + p − 1 ) + s p − 1 d ( x m + p − 1 , x m + p ) ≤ s λ m d ( x 1 , x 0 ) + s 2 λ m + 1 d ( x 1 , x 0 ) + s 3 λ m + 2 d ( x 1 , x 0 ) + ⋯ + s p − 1 λ m + p − 2 d ( x 1 , x 0 ) + s p λ m + p − 1 d ( x 1 , x 0 ) = s λ m [ 1 + s λ + s 2 λ 2 + ⋯ + ( s λ ) p − 1 ] d ( x 1 , x 0 ) ≤ s λ m 1 − s λ d ( x 1 , x 0 ) .

Let θ≪c be given. Notice that s λ m 1 − s λ d( x 1 , x 0 )→θ as m→∞ for any p. Making full use of [[1], Lemma 1.8], we find m 0 ∈N such that

s λ m 1 − s λ d( x 1 , x 0 )≪c

for each m> m 0 . Thus,

d( x m , x m + p )≤ s λ m 1 − s λ d( x 1 , x 0 )≪c

for all m≥1, p≥1. So, by [[1], Lemma 1.9], { x n } is a Cauchy sequence in (X,d). The proof is completed. □

As is indicated in the reviewer’s comments, [[1], Example 2.2] is too trivial. Therefore, [[1], Example 2.2] is withdrawn. Now we give another example as follows.

Example 2.2 Let X=[0,0.48], E= R 2 and let 1≤p≤6 be a constant. Take P={(x,y)∈E:x,y≥0}. We define d:X×X→E as

d(x,y)= ( | x − y | p , | x − y | p ) for all x,y∈X.

Then (X,d) is a complete cone b-metric space withs= 2 p − 1 . Let us define T:X→X as

Tx= 1 2 ( cos x 2 − | x − 1 2 | ) for all x∈X.

Thus, for all x,y∈X, we have

d ( T x , T y ) = ( | T x − T y | p , | T x − T y | p ) = 1 2 p ( | ( cos x 2 − cos y 2 ) − ( | x − 1 2 | − | y − 1 2 | ) | p , | ( cos x 2 − cos y 2 ) − ( | x − 1 2 | − | y − 1 2 | ) | p ) ≤ 1 2 p ( ( | cos x 2 − cos y 2 | + | x − y | ) p , ( | cos x 2 − cos y 2 | + | x − y | ) p ) ≤ 1 2 p ( ( | x + y | 8 | x − y | + | x − y | ) p , ( | x + y | 8 | x − y | + | x − y | ) p ) ≤ 0.56 p ( | x − y | p , | x − y | p ) < 1 2 p − 1 ( | x − y | p , | x − y | p ) .

Hence, by Theorem 2.1, there exists x 0 ∈X (in fact, it satisfies 0.472251591454< x 0 <0.472251591479) such that x 0 is the unique fixed point of T.

For the same reason, we need to use the new condition λ 1 + λ 2 +s( λ 3 + λ 4 )< 2 1 + s instead of the original condition λ 1 + λ 2 +s( λ 3 + λ 4 )<min{1, 2 s } in [[1], Theorem 2.3]. The correct statement is as follows.

Theorem 2.3 Let (X,d) be a complete cone b-metric space with the coefficient s≥1. Suppose that the mapping T:X→X satisfies the contractive condition

d(Tx,Ty)≤ λ 1 d(x,Tx)+ λ 2 d(y,Ty)+ λ 3 d(x,Ty)+ λ 4 d(y,Tx)for x,y∈X,

where the constant λ i ∈[0,1) and λ 1 + λ 2 +s( λ 3 + λ 4 )< 2 1 + s , i=1,2,3,4. Then T has a unique fixed point in X. Moreover, the iterative sequence { T n x} converges to the fixed point.

Proof Following an identical argument that is given in [[1], Theorem 2.3] except substituting 0≤λ≤1 for 0≤λ≤ 1 s in line 26 of p.6 in [1], we obtain the proof of Theorem 2.3. □

In addition, based on the changes of Theorem 2.1, we need to change the condition h 2 <min{ δ M 2 , 1 L 2 } into h 2 <min{ δ M 2 , 1 2 L 2 } for [[1], Example 3.1]. Let us give the corrected example.

We now apply Theorem 2.1 to the first-order periodic boundary problem

{ d x d t = F ( t , x ( t ) ) , x ( 0 ) = ξ ,
(2.1)

where F:[−h,h]×[ξ−δ,ξ+δ] is a continuous function.

Example 2.4 Consider boundary problem (2.1) with the continuous function F,and suppose that F(x,y) satisfies the local Lipschitz condition, i.e., if|x|≤h, y 1 , y 2 ∈[ξ−δ,ξ+δ], it induces

| F ( x , y 1 ) − F ( x , y 2 ) | ≤L| y 1 − y 2 |.

Set M= max [ − h , h ] × [ ξ − δ , ξ + δ ] |F(x,y)| such that h 2 <min{ δ M 2 , 1 2 L 2 }, then there exists a unique solution of (2.1).

Proof Let X=E=C([−h,h]) and P={u∈E:u≥0}. Put d:X×X→E as d(x,y)=f(t) max − h ≤ t ≤ h | x ( t ) − y ( t ) | 2 with f:[−h,h]→R such that f(t)= e t . It is clear that (X,d) is a complete cone b-metric space withs=2.

Note that (2.1) is equivalent to the integral equation

x(t)=ξ+ ∫ 0 t F ( τ , x ( τ ) ) dτ.

Define a mapping T:C([−h,h])→R by Tx(t)=ξ+ ∫ 0 t F(τ,x(τ))dτ. If

x(t),y(t)∈B(ξ,δf)≜ { φ ( t ) ∈ C ( [ − h , h ] ) : d ( ξ , φ ) ≤ δ f } ,

then from

d ( T x , T y ) = f ( t ) max − h ≤ t ≤ h | ∫ 0 t F ( τ , x ( τ ) ) d τ − ∫ 0 t F ( τ , y ( τ ) ) d τ | 2 = f ( t ) max − h ≤ t ≤ h | ∫ 0 t [ F ( τ , x ( τ ) ) − F ( τ , y ( τ ) ) ] d τ | 2 ≤ h 2 f ( t ) max − h ≤ τ ≤ h | F ( τ , x ( τ ) ) − F ( τ , y ( τ ) ) | 2 ≤ h 2 L 2 f ( t ) max − h ≤ τ ≤ h | x ( τ ) − y ( τ ) | 2 = h 2 L 2 d ( x , y ) ,

and

d(Tx,ξ)=f(t) max − h ≤ t ≤ h | ∫ 0 t F ( τ , x ( τ ) ) d τ | 2 ≤ h 2 f max − h ≤ τ ≤ h | F ( τ , x ( τ ) ) | 2 ≤ h 2 M 2 f≤δf,

we speculate that T:B(ξ,δf)→B(ξ,δf) is a contractive mapping.

Finally, we prove that (B(ξ,δf),d) is complete. In fact, suppose that { x n } is a Cauchy sequence in B(ξ,δf). Then { x n } is also a Cauchy sequence in X. Since(X,d) is complete, there is x∈X such that x n →x (n→∞). So, for each c∈intP, there exists N, whenever n>N, we obtain d( x n ,x)≪c. Thus, it follows from

d(ξ,x)≤d( x n ,ξ)+d( x n ,x)≤δf+c

and Lemma 1.12 in [1] that d(ξ,x)≤δf, which means x∈B(ξ,δf), that is, (B(ξ,δf),d) is complete. □

Owing to the above statement, all conditions of Theorem 2.1 are satisfied. HenceT has a unique fixed point x(t)∈B(ξ,δf). That is to say, there exists a unique solution of (2.1).

Remark 2.5 Theorem 2.1 and Theorem 2.3 generalize and improve thecorresponding results in [2–4].

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the referees, the editors and the readers including Prof. SriramBalasubramanian and Prof. Reny George. Special thanks are due to Prof. Ravi P. Agarwal andProf. Ljubomir Ciric, who have made a number of valuable comments and suggestions, whichhave improved [1] greatly. The research is partially supported by the PhD Start-up Fund ofHanshan Normal University, Guangdong Province, China (No. QD20110920).

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The online version of the original article can be found at 10.1186/1687-1812-2013-112

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Huang, H., Xu, S. Erratum to: Fixed point theorems of contractive mappings in cone b-metric spacesand applications. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2014, 55 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2014-55

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